penalty clause or liquidated damage which is formerly agreed between parties is legally examined and accepted as a rule. although judge could in some circumstances modify this stipulation. yet its economic analysis which is focused on economic efficiency can be considered as a “major unexplained puzzle in the economic theory of law”. this article compares the major legal systems in the case of ...

abstract- according to article 44 of the i.r. of iran constitution, the iranian economy consists of three sectors; the state, the cooperative, and the private sectors. the aim of this study was to present a hierarchy of criteria for selecting the best economic sector for agricultural development. analytic hierarchy process (ahp) was used to calculate the relative importance of either criteria o...

This article aims to correct the widespread imbalance in contemporary liberal thought, which makes explicit appeal to the “least advantaged” without parallel attention to the “most advantaged” as a distinct group in need of regulatory attention. Rawls’s influential theory of justice is perhaps the paradigmatic instance of this imbalance, but I show how a Rawlsian framework nonetheless provides ...

The main rationale for intellectual property relies on the thesis of the incentive to create. Creators and inventors are economic agents attracted by the returns they expect from their effort. This depiction is practical, but does not give due weight to the complexity of knowledge production. This work does not contest the potential benefit of the opportunity for creators and inventors to reap ...

since the last few years, criminal policy authorities of iran started to withdraw their previous emphasis on repressive approaches and under the impact of criminological studies and translation of policy initiatives in western countries new concept and vocabulary were entered into official discourse and criminal justice policy of iran. consequently, a list of community-based approaches to crimi...

The author refers to the social, economic, individual, and collective dimensions of the relationship between health and disease. He considers that individuals and populations are not equally exposed to protective and risk factors. He highlights the uneven development between nations and Brazilian regions, and communities, as well as discussing the relationship between development, wealth, healt...

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