This study examines when and why threats of economic sanctions lead to the successful extraction policy concessions. Scholars identified three (not mutually exclusive) hypotheses that explain success sanction threats: (a) coercive, (b) informational (c) public commitment hypothesis. The underpinning mechanisms for are, respectively, cost sanctions, uncertainty about resolve sender domestic audi...

Цель статьи - дать оценку текущему состоянию России относительно вопроса экономической безопасности в условиях конфронтации и стран западной коалиции; сформировать представление о текущих рисках отечественной экономики по системе критериев на базе ключевых показателей страны, сформулировать об источнике проблемы. Научная новизна заключается определении рисков для России, обусловленных нерешенны...

Several factors are associated with residency programs (1). For the assessment process of the residency program, applicants’ official transcripts, curriculum vitae, personal letters, references, and performance at interviews are usually used (1). Orthopedic residency selection is affected by program and staff reputation as well as by hospital facilities provided by the institution (1). Social a...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Economic sanctions on Iran cause parlous civilian hardship and important economic and social problems. Evidence regarding the impact of economic crisis on dental public health is very rare. This paper reviews the experience of other countries regarding this issue and the plausible solutions. METHODS: I...

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of international interventions through their impact on exchange rates. If a specific intervention actually increases (decreases) a country’s economic and political stability, then its currency should appreciate (depreciate). Estimates suggest that peacekeeping forces in Lebanon caused long-run appreciations, while economic sanctions imposed upon South Afric...

This paper describes a field study to investigate whether and to what extent individuals conserve more electricity if they have the opportunity to signal their behavior to others in the online community. Moreover, the study intends to reveal how positive social sanctions (e.g., publicly rewarding people who reduce their energy consumption) and negative social sanctions (e.g., publicly warning p...

Scholars have debated the manner in which religious beliefs influence economic organization. This paper examines a particular case–the craft guilds of medieval England–to show how religious doctrines influence the ability of a group to enforce cooperation. When mortality rates are high, repeated interaction alone cannot sustain cooperation, but spiritual sanctions in the afterlife can sustain c...