One of important aspects of software projects is estimating the cost and time required to develop projects. Nowadays, this issue has become one of the key concerns of project managers. Accurate estimation of essential effort to produce and develop software is heavily effective on success or failure of software projects and it is highly regarded as a vital factor. Failure to achieve convincing a...

According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics, effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human animals alike tend to avoid effort. Here, we suggest that the opposite is also true and review extensive evidence that effort can also add value. Not only can the same outcomes be more rewarding if we apply more (not less) eff...

We consider games played on finite graphs, whose goal is to obtain a trace belonging to a given set of winning traces. We focus on those states from which Player 1 cannot force a win. We explore and compare several criteria for establishing what is the preferable behavior of Player 1 from those states. Along the way, we prove several results of theoretical and practical interest, such as a char...

T presence of workers who reciprocate higher wages with greater effort can have important consequences for firms and labor markets. Knowledge about the extent and determinants of reciprocal effort choices is, however, incomplete. We investigate the role of fairness perceptions and social preferences in a field experiment in which workers were hired for a one-time job. We show that workers who p...

The Available Bit Service (ABR) is a promising “best effort” service designed to achieve in ATM networks high efficiency and low cell loss. Since the ATM Forum approved a first standard, intensive research has been done about ABR. The aim of this paper is to analyse the main research topics involved in ABR, namely: the evaluation of traffic and congestion control schemes, conformance definition...

Officially organized, spectator driven eSport tournaments occur within the notoriously transgressive and ruthless game EVE Online. In these tournaments spying, bribing and throwing matches is commonplace. Based on results from interviews with competitors and spectators, this paper discusses the appeal of this unique eSport and explores the way in which the relatively ‘unbounded’ approach in EVE...

Parallel prefix networks are widely used in highperformance adders. Networks in the literature represent tradeoffs between number of logic levels, fanout, and wiring tracks. This paper presents a three-dimensional taxonomy that not only describes the tradeoffs in existing parallel pre fix networks but also points to a family of new networks. Adders using these networks are compared using the me...