BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive seizures, an animal model for electroconvulsive treatment, induce a strong increase in neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult rats. Hippocampal neurogenesis has previously been described as occurring in an angiogenic niche. This study examines the effect of electroconvulsive seizures on proliferation of vascular cells in rat hippocampus. METHODS Rats were inje...

East Asian economies caught in the recent crisis have seen their output contract fiercely despite enormous real exchange rate depreciation. Why are relative prices not maintaining demand and output at pre-crisis levels? We investigate the idea that there are negative supply-side shifts due to balance sheet effects. Specifically, we use the framework of Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) to explore the i...

This paper outlines a dynamic model of firm location choice, in an environment which includes both agglomeration effects and stochastic productivity shocks. The model follows closely the methods of Hopenhayn (1992) and his treatment of firm level entry and exit decisions. However, this model adds the complexity of a second location, as well as the existence of spillover effects, or agglomeratio...

We present a new formalism to describe the ratios and profiles of emission lines from hydrogen in Balmer-dominated shocks. We use this model to interpret the measured widths and ratios of broad and narrow Hα, Hβ and Lyα emission lines in supernova remnants (SNRs). Our model results agree fairly well with those obtained previously by Chevalier, Kirshner & Raymond (1980) and are consistent with o...

The study examines the role of the largest public works program in the world-the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) in buffering the negative effects of early childhood exposure to rainfall shocks on long-term health outcomes. Exploiting the spatial and temporal variation in NREGS coverage, the study estimates the extent to which nutritional insults in early childhood can be off...

We investigate a banking system subject to repeated macroeconomic productivity shocks. By lowering the interest rates, the central bank can increase the intermediation margin, which fosters the recapitalization of banks. We show that without lowering interest rates, the banking system faces the risk of collapsing. When interest policy is aimed only at avoiding a banking collapse, the economy co...

How does the magnitude of the output response to a change in government spending vary over the business cycle? What are the welfare effects of fiscal shocks? This paper studies the state-dependence of the output and welfare effects of shocks to government purchases in a DSGE model with a number of real and nominal frictions and a rich fiscal financing structure. Both the output multiplier (the ...

Paired rats are known to behave aggressively when given painful electric shocks. The present study developed a procedure whereby individual rats given shocks might bite an inanimate target object. Unavoidable shock was delivered to the rat while it was restrained in a position close to, and facing a target object. Biting of the target was recorded automatically. Shock caused the rat to bite met...

Evidence shows that asset price bubbles typically precede financial crises and financial crises are accompanied by the collapse of bubbles. In addition, stock market booms and busts are typically associated with credit market booms and busts. The recent US housing and stock market bubbles and the subsequent Great Recession that began in late 2007 provide an example. The stock market booms in th...

ventilated with positive pressure 100% oxygen. Seizure expression was monitored via scalp electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography, and visuomotor manifestations in a nonparalyzed limb. One subject (No. 1) had a chronically implanted intracerebral multicontact electrode in place, permitting recording of intracerebral EEG and TMS-induced voltage. The 2 trials with the commercial device did...