It is well established that the basolateral amygdala is critically involved in the association between an unconditioned stimulus (US), such as a foot shock, and a conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a light, during classic fear conditioning. However, little is known about how the US (pain) inputs are relayed to the basolateral amygdala. The present studies were designed to define potential US pa...

Food anticipatory activity (FAA) refers to a daily rhythm of locomotor activity that emerges under conditions of food restriction, whereby animals develop an intense, predictable period of activity in the few hours leading up to a predictable, daily delivery of food. The neural mechanisms by which FAA is regulated are not yet fully understood. Although a number of brain regions appear to be inv...

National Office of Measures, Budapest, Hungaiy A new method for the absolute determination of electrolytic Conductivity based on direct current and potcntiomctrlc measurements is described. The unique design of the cell uses a removable center section whose length and crosS'Seciional area arc accurately known. Two pairs of matched Ag, AgCI electrodes are used in a four terminal mode of resistan...

In the search for greener treatment technologies, this work studies the coupling of a wind turbine energy supply with an electrolytic cell (CWTEC device) for the remediation of wastewater polluted with pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The discontinuous and unforeseeable supply of energy is the main challenge inspiring this new proposal, which aims at reducing the environmental ...

Although the role of the amygdala in acquisition of conditioned fear is well established, there is debate concerning the intra-amygdala circuits involved. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is thought to be an essential site of plasticity in fear conditioning. The LA has both direct and indirect [via the basal nuclei; basal amygdala (BA)] projections to the central nucleus (Ce) of the amy...

Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the lateral and ventrolateral caudal periaqueductal gray (cPAGl,vl) of lactating rats are known to severely reduce suckling-induced kyphosis (upright crouched nursing), which is necessary for maximal litter weight gains, and impair sexual behavior during the postpartum estrous, while heightening nursing in other postures and attacks on unfamiliar adult male int...

introduction: the antinociceptive effect of morphine is, in part, mediated through the activation of a descending pathway. one of the major components of this pathway is the nucleus raphe magnus (nrm). our previous study demonstrated the involvement of nrm in the analgesic effect of morphine microinjected into the nucleus cuneiformis (ncf) in a descending manner. the aim of the current study wa...

Rats were trained on a succession of two-odor discriminations for a water reward in a modified radial maze. A different odor pair was used each day. After three or four pairs, rats would learn to choose the correct odor in only 3-5 trials. Animals were then subjected to electrolytic lesions in the lateral entorhinal cortex, which is innervated by the lateral olfactory tract, or in the dorsal en...

Injection of l-glutamate (GLU) into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) produces sympathetically-mediated pressor responses that depend on the integrity of the tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V region). The injection of angiotensin II (ANG II) or the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the RVLM also produces pressor responses. In the present study, we investigated i...

Electrolytic and metallized polypropylene film (MPPF) capacitors are among the most popular capacitors used in electronic equipments. The choice of capacitors is of major importance because one of the most frequent causes of the equipment breakdowns results from the failure of capacitors, and will therefore determine the overall lifetime of the system. Electrolytic capacitors present higher cap...