when any vehicle runs on the road, it is subjected to bump and potholes which result in vibration that affects the passenger comfort and vehicle handling. The suspension system is an assembly of tires, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connect a vehicle to its wheels and is used to absorb and damp out the road shocks. In designing of suspension, it is characterized by the suspension wh...

Abstract An undulator composed of an electromagnet (EM) and a permanent magnet (PM) has been developed to switch rapidly the right- or left-circularly polarized radiation. The polarization switching is achieved using rapid change polarity excitation currents in EM, which provides vertical field fixed gap. A horizontal generated with PM; strength adjusted on altering its gaps. In addition circul...

This paper addresses real-time magnetic levitation control with analog and digital controllers. The objective is to keep a ferromagnetic object suspended, without contact, beneath an electromagnet. The electromagnetic force must be adjusted to counteract the weight of the object and account for disturbances. This is accomplished by measuring the location of the object using a non-contact sensor...

NIIEFA have developed and began manufacturing a cyclotron project for the acceleration of multiple-charged ions to energies regulated in range 7.5-15 MeV/nucl. The electromagnet is H-shaped. system consists two dees, located "valleys". Acceleration performed at even harmonics. Ions are injected from external sources through axial channel. classical deflector magnetic channels ...

Theoretically, the concepts of energy, entropy, exergy and embodied energy are founded in the fields of thermodynamics and physics. Yet, over decades these concepts have been applied in numerous fields of science and engineering, playing a key role in the analysis of processes, systems and devices in which energy transfers and energy transformations occur. The research reported here aims to dem...