We present a quantitative study of the second voltage derivative (SD) of ballistic electron emission spectra of AuyGaAsyAlGaAs heterostructures to probe the effect of electron scattering on these spectra. Our analysis of the SD spectra shows that strong electron scattering occurs at the nonepitaxial AuyGaAs interface, leading to an experimentally observed redistribution of current among the ele...

The interaction of the dye YD2 with a cluster of (anatase-phase) TiO2 (which is utilized in dye-sensitized solar cells, DSSCs) and electron injection by the dye into the cluster were studied by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP, PBE, and TPSS levels of theory, including dispersion effects. We studied and quantified the interaction of the metallomacrocycle with...

BACKGROUND Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHa) is one of many newly available soft tissue fillers. OBJECTIVE We have, in this pilot study, evaluated the clinical, histologic and electron microscopic ultrastructural changes seen with CaHa at 1 and 6 months after skin injection. METHODS Each of the three subjects was injected in the postauricular area with 0.1 cc of CaHa gel. A 3-mm punch tissue b...

The third-generation synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities are storage ring-based facilities with many insertion devices and photon beamlines, and have low injection beam power, but extremely high stored beam power. The fourth-generation X-ray free electron laser (FEL) facilities are based on an electron Linac with a long undulator and have high injection beam power. Due to its electron and pho...

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with thin avalanche regions have shown low excess noise characteristics and high gain-bandwidth products, so they are suited for long-haul optical communications. In this work, we investigated how carrier injection profile affects the avalanche gain and excess noise factors of Al0.85Ga0.15As0.56Sb0.44 (lattice-matched to InP substrates) p-i-n and n-i-p diodes with t...

We present a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and ballistic electron emission microscopy study of electron transport across an epitaxial Pb/Si(111) interface. Experiments with a self-assembled Pb nanoscale wedge reveal the phenomenon of confinement-enhanced interfacial transport: a proportional increase of the electron injection rate into the semiconductor with the frequency of electron o...

The reported photocurrent density (J(SC)) of PbS quantum dot (QD)-sensitized solar cell was less than 19 mA/cm(2) despite the capability to generate 38 mA/cm(2), which results from inefficient electron injection and fast charge recombination. Here, we report on a PbS:Hg QD-sensitized solar cell with an unprecedentedly high J(SC) of 30 mA/cm(2). By Hg(2+) doping into PbS, J(SC) is almost doubled...

As an elementary particle, the electron cannot be broken down into smaller particles, at least as far as is currently known. However, in a phenomenon called electron fractionalization, in certain materials an electron can be broken down into smaller "charge pulses," each of which carries a fraction of the electron's charge. Although electron fractionalization has many interesting implications, ...

Interfacial charge transfer from photoexcited ruthenium-based N3 dye molecules into ZnO thin films received controversial interpretations. To identify the physical origin for the delayed electron transfer in ZnO compared to TiO2, we probe directly the electronic structure at both dye-semiconductor interfaces by applying ultrafast XUV photoemission spectroscopy. In the range of pump-probe time d...

Electron injection from an adsorbed molecule to the substrate (heterogeneous electron transfer) is studied. One reaction coordinate is used to model this process. The surface phonons and/or the electron-hole pairs together with the internal degrees of freedom of the adsorbed molecule as well as possibly a liquid surrounding the molecule provide a dissipative environment, which may lead to depha...