The charge carrier density in graphene on a dielectric substrate such as SiO_{2} displays inhomogeneities, the so-called charge puddles. Because of the linear dispersion relation in monolayer graphene, the puddles are predicted to grow near charge neutrality, a markedly distinct property from conventional two-dimensional electron gases. By performing scanning tunneling microscopy and spectrosco...

Heme proteins are among the most abundant and important metalloproteins, exerting diverse biological functions including oxygen transport, small molecule sensing, selective C-H bond activation, nitrite reduction, and electron transfer. Rational heme protein designs focus on the modification of the heme-binding active site and the heme group, protein hybridization and domain swapping, and de nov...

Researchers have long been searching for the materials to enhance thermoelectric performance in terms of nano scale approach in order to realize phonon-glass-electron-crystal and quantum confinement effects. Peierls distortion can be a pathway to enhance thermoelectric figure-of-merit ZT by employing natural nano-wire-like electronic and thermal transport. The phonon-softening known as Kohn ano...

Room-temperature (RT) ballistic transport of electrons is experimentally observed and theoretically investigated in III-nitrides. This has been largely investigated at low temperatures in low band gap III-V materials due to their high electron mobilities. However, their application to RT ballistic devices is limited by their low optical phonon energies, close to KT at 300 K. In addition, the sh...

Although the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is best known for its role in ATP synthesis, two studies, Sullivan et al. and Birsoy et al., conclude that its only essential function in proliferating cells is making aspartate (D).

• Introduction • Electron Flow as Source of ATP Energy • Site of Oxidative Phosphorylation • ATP Synthetase (=F0F1 ATPase) • Electron-Transferring Reactions • Standard OxidationReduction Potential • Electron Carriers • Electron-Transport Complexes • Incomplete Reduction of Oxygen • Mechanisms of Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH • ATP Yield and P : O Ratio • Roles...

It is no surprise that the catalytic activity of electron-transport enzymes may be optimised at certain electrochemical potentials in ways that are analogous to observations of pH-rate optima. This property is observed clearly in experiments in which an enzyme is adsorbed on an electrode surface which can supply or receive electrons rapidly and in a highly controlled manner. In such a way, the ...

Dye sensitized solar cells were fabricated with free standing TiO2 nanotube (TNT) array films, which were prepared by template assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) with precise wall thickness control. Efforts to improve the photovoltaic performance were made by using Al2O3 barrier layer coating in conjunction with TiCl4 surface modification. An Al2O3 thin layer was deposited on the TNT electr...