While the cortical interneurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) migrate rather diffusely into the cortex, interneurons that migrate out from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) mainly move caudally into the caudal cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in the form of the caudal migratory stream (CMS) (Yozu et al., 2005). Although transplantation experiments at embryonic day 13.5...

Immunoperoxidase technique and light microscopy have been used to localize neurosecretory systems for vasopressin, oxytocin and related neurophysins (neurohypophysial peptides)) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) in the rhesus monkey brain. All the neurohypophysial peptides were found in the magnocellular nuclei (suproptic and paraventricular) of the hypothalamus and in their projection...

We produced cerebral vasospasm in 29 dogs by the "two-hemorrhage" method of intracisternal injections, 2 days apart, of autogenous arterial blood. Leukotriene (LT) C4, LTD4, and LTE4 were purified from incubated basilar artery, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, median eminence, and blood clot from around the basilar artery using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and the amoun...

Emx1 and Emx2, mouse orthologs of the Drosophila head gap gene, ems, are expressed during corticogenesis. Emx2 null mutants exhibit mild defects in cortical lamination. Segregation of differentiating neurons from proliferative cells is normal for the most part, however, reelin-positive Cajal-Retzius cells are lost by the late embryonic period. Additionally, late-born cortical plate neurons disp...

Somatostatin is known to mediate its actions through five G-protein-coupled receptors (sst1-sst5). We have studied the expression of the sst1 receptor in the rat hypothalamus by using a subtype-specific antiserum. In Western blotting, the antiserum reacted specifically with a band with an apparent molecular weight of 80,000 in membranes prepared from hypothalamic tissue. The localization of the...

Cortical interneurons originate from subpallial precursors and migrate into the cortex during development. Using genetic lineage tracing in transgenic mice we examine the contribution of two germinal zones, the septum and the lateral ganglionic eminence/caudal ganglionic eminence (LGE/CGE) to interneurons of the cortex. We find that the septal neuroepithelium does not generate interneurons for ...

Using high-field-strength, 1.5-T, high-resolution MR, we identified the following complex of neurohypophyseal abnormalities in each of five pituitary dwarfs: (1) severe hypoplasia or total absence of the infundibulum; (2) absence of the posterior pituitary bright spot in its normal location; and (3) a 3-8-mm tissue nodule at the median eminence exhibiting lipidlike signal on T1-weighted images....

BACKGROUND Tibial eminence avulsion fracture often co-occurs with tibial plateau fracture, which leads to difficult concomitant management. The value of simultaneous arthroscopy-assisted treatment continues to be debated despite its theoretical advantages. We describe a simple arthroscopic suture fixation technique and hypothesize that simultaneous treatment is beneficial. METHODS Patients wi...

Axons of GnRH neurons terminate at the median eminence in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of the brain early in development. Similarly, GnRH neurons in grafts of preoptic area (POA) tissue within the third ventricle of hypogonadal mice preferentially innervate the median eminence. Organotypic cocultures of POA explants with other neural tissues suggest that a soluble substance(s) derived fr...

Regional patterning in the developing mammalian brain is partially regulated by restricted gene expression patterns within the germinal zone, which is composed of stem cells and their progenitor cell progeny. Whether or not neural stem cells, which are considered at the top of the neural lineage hierarchy, are regionally specified remains unknown. Here we show that the cardinal properties of ne...