Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a milestone event for patients with portal hypertension. Esophageal varices bleed because of an increase in portal pressure that causes the variceal wall to rupture. AVB in a patient with cirrhosis and portal hypertension is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The initial management of these patients includes proper resuscitation, antibiotic pro...

Achalasia cardia (AC) is a neurodegenerative disease which leads to loss of inhibitory myenteric neurons. This implies that, with the currently available treatment options, we offer palliation but not cure to these patients. Pneumatic balloon dilatation (PBD) has been the only time‐tested endoscopic modality for the management of AC until recently. However, the requirement of repeated dilatatio...

Superficial esophageal squamous cell cancer (SESCC) is often managed with esophagectomy with or without chemoradiotherapy. Esophagectomy has a significant complication rate and is not an option for many patients. In the current issue, a retrospective single center study evaluated 66 patients with SESCC. With endoscopic resection followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, the reported 1-, 3- and 5-...

CONTEXT Development of mediastinal pancreatic pseudocysts is a rare complication of pancreatitis. There is currently no consensus on the optimal management of this condition, options for which include conservative management with somatostatin analogues, endoscopic drainage procedures and surgery. CASE REPORT Here we present two patients with mediastinal pancreatic pseudocysts which were initi...

BACKGROUND Maxillary sinus mucoceles are relatively rare among all paranasal sinus mucoceles. With the introduction of endoscopic sinus surgical techniques, rhinologic surgeons prefer transnasal endoscopic management of sinus mucoceles. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical presentation of maxillary sinus mucoceles and to establish the efficacy of endoscopic management of sinus muco...

PURPOSE Tumors arising from the ampulla of Vater can be benign or malignant. Recently, endoscopic papillectomy has been employed in the management of benign ampulla of Vater tumors; however, surgical resection is the treatment of choice. The aim of this study was to define indications and suggest a role for transduodenal ampullectomy in the management of ampulla of Vater tumors. METHODS We re...

Endoscopic approaches to the management of frontal sinus fractures continue become more commonplace. Anterior table amenable reduction by these techniques are optimally managed within first five ten days avoid fibrosis injury. We present a case endoscopic transnasal an anterior fracture over six weeks after

Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is a frequent complication with significant morbidity and mortality. Although endoscopic hemostasis remains the initial treatment modality, severe bleeding despite endoscopic management occurs in 5-10% of patients, necessitating surgery or interventional embolotherapy. Endovascular embolotherapy is now considered the first-line therapy for massi...

BACKGROUND Urethral injury produces partial or complete disruption of the urethral integrity. Advances in endourology have made endoscopic management of most of these injuries feasible without greatly compromising the final result. We report our institutional experience of immediate endoscopic realignment of complete iatrogenic anterior urethral injury. METHODS From May 1997 to May 2003, seve...

INTRODUCTION The standard treatment for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (UUT-TCC) is open radical nephroureterectomy with excision of a bladder cuff. We assess the successful endoscopic completion and oncological efficacy of the various minimally invasive transurethral techniques devised for the management of the intramural ureter during nephroureterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHO...