hydrogels are introduced to modem medicine as novel materials suitable for a variety ofbiomedical applications. studying hydrogels as novel biomaterials has become a fast-developingand exciting research field during the last two decades. these interesting biomaterials have found awide range of application including contact lenses, vehicles for drug delivery and scaffold in tissueengineering and...

Energy-efficient forwarding becomes important if resources and battery lifetime are limited such as in Wireless Sensor Networks. Although widely used, simple hop-based forwarding along a path from one node towards a sink can be very inefficient in terms of delivery rate as well as energy efficiency, especially in lossy environments. We will show that just minimizing the expected number of trans...

Message transmission in opportunistic networks is accomplished via the encounters of mobile nodes while moving around. The distributing of nodes greatly impacts the performance of message delivery ratio due to their sparse encounter opportunities. Nodes with exhaust energy can’t participate in message transfer process. So it is very meaningful to make nodes energetic and balance the energy cons...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by scarcity of resources and highly unreliable wireless channels, whereby minimizing energy-consumption is a key issue in design of communication protocols for the battery powered sensor nodes. The work in this paper addresses the problem of finding energy-efficient routes for delivery of packets through multihop communication with modification ...