9.1 Background to Proton Therapy The use of proton beams for radiation treatment was proposed by Robert R. Wilson in 1946 [286]. Wilson referred to the ballistical aspects of the proton beam dose distribution as a rationale for the new modality. Heavy charged particles such as protons produce an energy deposition profile in tissue which is superior to profiles attainable using photon or electro...

BACKGROUND Radiographic technology plays an integral role in interventional cardiology. The number of interventions continues to increase, and the associated radiation exposure to patients and personnel is of major concern. This study was undertaken to determine whether a newly developed x-ray tube deploying grid-switched pulsed fluoroscopy and extra beam filtering can achieve a reduction in ra...

Background: The use and effectiveness of traditional lead gonad shields in pediatric pelvic radiography has been challenged by several literatures over the past two decades. The aim of this study was to develop a new radioprotective gonad shields to be use in pediatric pelvic radiography. Materials and Methods: The commercially available 0.06 mm lead equivalent bismuth garment has cropped squar...

sedimentation is one of the most important problems in harbors that results in considerable economic costs. harbor planforms affects the flow pattern in the harbor basin and consequently, plays an important role in sediment transport and sedimentation. in the present study, a two dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic and sediment transport model has been developed to investigate the effect of...

Over the past hundred years or so, X-rays have been used for diagnostic purposes. The use of X-rays for imaging purposes, however, exposes patients to ionizing radiation. The increasing use of X-ray in hospitals has made medical exposure an important source of radiation in the population collective dose (1, 2). Ionizing radiation has the ability to break apart biologically important molecules s...

background: skin cancer can be treated by various methods. electron radiotherapy has been a useful therapeutic modality in the treatment of skin cancers in areas which are difficult to cure by other methods. depth dose distribution of 166ho using varskin2 code is presented in this work. material and methods: depth dose distribution of 166ho was calculated, using varskin2 code by adding of 166ho...

Patient dosimetry studies in diagnostic radiology in Nigeria have been on measurement of entrance skin dose and effective dose. Another important and easy to measure radiation dose descriptor that could be used to assess patient dose in radiological procedures is dose area product (DAP). Knowledge of DAP with location and projection of X-ray beam allows direct calculation of organ dose and effe...