Bi-level programming techniques are developed to handle decentralized problems with two-level decision makers, leaders and followers, who may have more than one objective to achieve. This paper proposes a λ-cut and goal programming based algorithm to solve fuzzy linear multiple objective bi-level (FLMOB) decision problems. First, based on the definition of a distance measure between two fuzzy v...

The efficacy of Formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccine has been reported to be low for man. Although a live VEE vaccine has been shown to be highly effective for the protection of laboratory workers, local and systemic reactions have occurred in approximately 20% of inoculated individuals. Therefore, studies were initiated in an attempt to produce an inactivated vacci...

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses are important, naturally emerging zoonotic viruses. They are significant human and equine pathogens which still pose a serious public health threat. Both VEE and EEE cause chronic infection in mosquitoes and persistent or chronic infection in mosquito-derived cell lines. In contrast, vertebrate hosts infected wit...

INTRODUCTION Our goal in this combined modeling and experimental study was to gain insight into the transmembrane potential changes in defibrillation conditions, namely, when shocks are delivered by an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Two hypotheses concerning the presence and characteristics of virtual electrode effects (VEE) during an ICD shock were tested numerically and experim...

In this paper, we apply the concept of fuzzy soft sets to ordered semigroup theory. The concepts of (∈γ ,∈γ ∨qδ )-fuzzy left (right) ideals, (∈γ ,∈γ ∨qδ )-fuzzy bi-ideals and (∈γ ,∈γ ∨qδ )-fuzzy quasi-ideals are introduced and some related properties are obtained. Three kinds of lattice structures of the set of all (∈γ ,∈γ ∨qδ )-fuzzy soft left (right) ideals of an ordered semigroup are derived...

The employee-employer relationship is an intricate one. In an industry, the employers expect to achieve performances in quality and production in order to earn profit, on the other side employees need good pay and all possible allowances and best advantages than any other industry. Our main objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between employee and employer in workplace and dis...

Generalizing the concepts of (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy hyperideal, (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy quasi-hyperideal and (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy bihyperideal, the notions of (∈,∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy hyperideal, (∈,∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy quasi-hyperideal and (∈,∈ ∨qk)-fuzzy bi-hyperideal are defined. Using these notions, different classes of semihypergroups are characterized.

We de ne fuzzy h-subhemiring, fuzzy h-ideals and fuzzy generalized h-biideals with thresholds, and characterize h-hemiregular and h-intra-hemiregular hemirings by the properties of their fuzzy h-ideals, fuzzy h-bi-ideals and fuzzy h-quasi-ideals with thresholds.

We conducted studies with mice, rats, and monkeys which demonstrated the ability of glucan to induce either nonspecific or specific enhancement of host resistance to infectious diseases. Intravenous pretreatment of mice with glucan significantly enhanced the survival of mice challenged with either Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus or Rift Valley fever virus. Pretreatment was benef...