Two live, attenuated strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), IE1150K and V3526, were administered to macaques to determine if they could elicit protection against an aerosol challenge with virulent VEE virus of the IE variety (VEEV-IE). These viruses were rescued from full-length cDNA clones of 68U201 (VEEV-IE variety) and Trinidad donkey (VEEV-IA/B variety), respectively, and bo...

RNA viruses are notorious for their genetic plasticity and propensity to exploit new host-range opportunities, which can lead to the emergence of human disease epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, AIDS, dengue, and influenza. However, the mechanisms of host-range change involved in most of these viral emergences, particularly the genetic mechanisms of adaptation to new hosts, re...

The etiological role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in cervical and other cancers suggests that therapeutic vaccines directed against requisite viral antigens may eradicate tumors or their precursors. A Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) alphavirus vector delivering the HPV16 E7 RNA was evaluated for antitumor efficacy using a murine E7+ tumor model. Vaccination with VEE replicon particles e...

The conditions under which Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus attached to host cells markedly influenced the assay of virus by the fluorescent cell-counting technique. When virus inoculum was centrifuged onto McCoy cell monolayers, approximately 97% of virus was attached to cells within 10 min, in contrast to 34% after stationary incubation at 35 C for 2 hr. Maximal binding of viru...

First-year computer science (CS1) university students traditionally have difficulties understanding how to program. This paper describes research introducing CS1 programming concepts using a Scratch language guided visual execution environment (VEE). The addressed are those from an introductory course (sequences, variables, operators, conditionals, loops, and events parallelism). VEE guides nov...

The visibility in the Sichuan Basin (SB) was worse than that North China Plain (NCP) for same level of PM2.5. One well-known reason is aerosol extinction enhancement due to hygroscopic growth SB stronger NCP because relative humidity (RH) higher NCP. However, under PM2.5 and RH levels. volume efficiency (VEE) kept between 7 8 different SB, while VEE increased from 4.6 7.2 when 20 180 μg/m3 diff...

In this paper, the wear resistance and antifriction of epsilon phase layer and diffusion layer of gas nitrided D2 steel and M2 steel have been studied. The changes m wear mechanism of epsilon phase under the load from 20N to 200N are analysed. When the load is lighter than 100N, it is mainly oxidizing wear on friction surface. The adhesion, peeling off and abrasive wear appear on friction surfa...

In this paper, we will provide a simple method for starting with a given finite frame for an $n$-dimensional Hilbert space $mathcal{H}_n$ with nonzero elements and producing a frame which is $epsilon$-nearly Parseval and $epsilon$-nearly unit norm. Also, the concept of the $epsilon$-nearly equal frame operators for two given frames is presented. Moreover, we characterize all bounded invertible ...

A model for the enhancement of the primary humoral immune response of rhesus monkeys to marginal or weakly antigenic vaccines is presented. Our procedure used the complexing of formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine with specific, homologous, immune gamma globulin (IgG) at equivalence. Equivalence was determined by combining the concentrated, isotopically l...

We conducted a longitudinal observational study of 533 patients presenting to two hospitals in the Ecuadorean Amazon basin with acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) from 2001 through 2004. Viral isolation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), IgM seroconversion, and malaria smears identified pathogens responsible for fever in 122 (40.1%) of 304 patients who provide...