The Mexican horse Equus conversidens is a representative member of the Quaternary North American megafauna. Systematics, phylogeny, and stable isotope ecology this species are known in some detail, although information regarding population unexplored. Numerous fossil remains (isolated teeth, mandibles, skulls, postcranial elements) have been collected from Pleistocene deposits that outcrop at s...

Alongside horses, donkeys and their first-generation hybrids represent members of the Equidae family known for social, economic symbolic importance in protohistoric historical France. However, relative respective roles different regions time periods are difficult to assess based on textual, iconographic archaeological evidence. This is both due incomplete, partial scattered sources difficulties...

The climate shift of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) strongly impacted vegetation cover and related trophic chains western Europe. Harsh, cold dry conditions then prevailed in most regions, impacting migrations survival human beings. Nonetheless, environments suitable for mammalian fauna to survive persisted SW Europe thus providing refugia hunters. Tooth enamel from large herbivorous mammal rem...

the study was carried out in zoo animals at islamabad zoo, pakistan to know the prevalence of bovinetuberculosis. an overall prevalence of 3.3% was recorded in zoo animals with 3.6% in bovidae, 3.2% incervidae and 0% in equidae families. the positive animals included spotted deer (1/3; 95% ci = 0.84,90.57), chinkara gazella (1/5; 95% ci = 0.51, 71.64) and blackbuck gazelle (1/30; 95% ci = 0.08,...

BACKGROUND Hucul horses are the unique, genetically distinct breed of Carpathian Mountains. Even though they are recognized as primitive breed, many morphological differences between them and other primitive horses have been reported. Neither hematological nor blood biochemical studies in this breed have been conducted so far. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish the reference in...

Based on literature data, the composition of milk from different ruminants (cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, llama, yak and deer) and equidae (horse and donkey) and of human milk were compared to examine possible nutritional differences. Additionally, the alleged health benefits attributed to some of these milks and the effect of heating are discussed. Very generally, ruminant milk has a lower...

Evaporation of moisture from the skin surface is an important means of thermoregulatory heat loss in Equidae, which respond to thermal stress with a smooth increase in the rate of sweat output to a plateau level which may be maintained for several hours (Allen & Bligh, 1969; Robertshaw & Taylor, 1969; Montgomery, Jenkinson & Elder, 1982). This pattern is similar to that which occurs when humans...

The mammalian APOBEC3 (A3) proteins comprise a multigene family of cytidine deaminases that act as potent inhibitors of retroviruses and retrotransposons. The A3 locus on the chromosome 28 of the horse genome contains multiple A3 genes: two copies of A3Z1, five copies of A3Z2, and a single copy of A3Z3, indicating a complex evolution of multiple gene duplications. We have cloned and analyzed fo...