The fact that the standard probabilistic calculus does not define probabilities for sentences with embedded conditionals is a fundamental problem for the probabilistic theory of conditionals. Several authors have explored ways to assign probabilities to such sentences, but those proposals have come under criticism for making counterintuitive predictions. This paper examines the source of the pr...

In this paper, we establish some connections between the concept of an equivalence of categories and that of an equivalence in a bicategory. Its main result builds upon the observation that two closely related concepts, which could both play the role of an equivalence in a bicategory, turn out not to coincide. Two counterexamples are provided for that goal, and detailed proofs are given. In par...

Conditionals are useful for modelling, but not always sufficiently expressive capturing information accurately. In this paper we make the case a form of conditional that is situation-based. These conditionals more than classical conditionals, general enough to be used in several application domains, and able distinguish, example, between expectations counterfactuals. Formally, they shown genera...

Since Störring’s [63] pioneering experiments on syllogistic reasoning at the beginning of last century, experimental psychology has investigated deductive reasoning in the framework of classical logic. The most prominent examples are the theories of mental models [27] and mental rules [8, 59]. A fragment of the model theory of classical logic is central to mental models. Likewise, a fragment of...

Natural Language Semantics is devoted to semantics and its Interfaces in grammar, especially syntax The Journal seeks to encourage the convergence of approaches employmg the concepts of logic and philosophy with perspectives of generative grammar on the relations between meanmg and structure Natural Language Semantics publishes studies focused on linguistic phenomena äs opposed to those deahng ...

We present an approach to combining three areas of research which we claim are all based on information theory: knowledge representation in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science using prototypes, plans, or schemata; formal semantics in natural language, especially the semantics of the ‘if-then’ conditional construct; and the logic of subjunctive conditionals first developed using a poss...

In this paper a set of Petri net equivalences is proposed. A correlation between all introduced equivalences is established, and a lattice of implications is obtained. In addition equivalences are examined on sequential nets. The process equivalences are demonstrated to be well discerning on this net class.

There is an ongoing debate in the philosophical literature whether conditionals that are central to deliberation subjunctive or indicative and, if latter, what semantics of conditional compatible with role play deliberation. We propose a possible-world where form “if I take action outcome will be x” interpreted as material conditionals. The proposed framework illustrated familiar examples and b...

Behavioural equivalences on open systems are usually defined by comparing system behaviour in all environments. Due to this “universal” quantification over the possible hosting environments, such equivalences are often difficult to check in a direct way. Here, working in the setting of process calculi, we introduce a hierarchy of behavioural equivalences for open systems, building on a previous...