It is often argued that managers follow some preference function. The internal capital market literature, for example, most commonly treats managers as empire builders who receive increased private bene…ts from having more funds under their control. However, recent empirical work (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2003), shows that some managers might prefer to be left to run a limited number of projec...

increasingly, aq qoyunlu rule and ottoman empire were inclined to contradict in the half of 9th/15th century. access to central anatolia for aq qoyunlu was a pivotal enterprise by which could develop its commercial ties. in contrast, ottomans tried to counteract the aq qoyunlu strives and thwarted its close relation with venice since ottomans regarded the latter as an archenemy in europe. forem...

amir seyyed fathollah shirazi, a physician, historian and politician of indian mughal empire court, was one of the scholars of shiraz. initially, he served as a teacher at mansurieh school in shiraz. he worked for imamgholi mirza, the brother of king ismaeil ii, from safavid dynasty. after killing imamgholi mirza, by the order of the king, he went to india following the invitation of the muslim...

Roman seals associated with collyria (Latin expression for eye drops/washes and lotions for eye maintenance) provide valuable information about eye care in the antiquity. These small, usually stone-made pieces bore engravings with the names of eye doctors and also the collyria used to treat an eye disease. The collyria seals have been found all over the Roman empire and Celtic territories in pa...

The purpose of this article is to cast some light on the question as why and how nationalism appeared rather suddenly on the political stage in Turkey at the beginning of the 20 th century. This article asserts that Turkish nationalism was an answer to the particular historical conditions that characterised the final phases of the Ottoman Empire and the birth of the modern Turkey. This article ...

After several decades of scholarship on science and empire, it is now largely accepted that disciplines such as medicine and geography played a crucial role in imperial expansion. On a purely technical level these disciplines were important "tools of empire", enabling colonizers to map their new domains and to exploit more effectively their human and material resources.2 But following the work ...

Excitation functions of the reactions Zn(p,xn)Ga were measured from their respective thresholds up to 18 MeV , using the conventional stacked-foil technique. The radioactivity was determined via high resolution -ray spectrometry. Nuclear model calculations were performed using the codes, ALICE-IPPE, EMPIRE and TALYS. In some cases, good agreement was found between the experimental and theoreti...

The application of contemporary public sector management concepts and theories allows us to rethink some of our perceptions of the Roman Empire’s rôle as a service provider and the way in which the provision of services was made more efficient. This paper uses the imperial grain supply as a case in point to demonstrate that contracting out allowed the state to take advantage and build on its co...

on the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of achaemenid empire on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to achaemenids at the given region. in the present essay, by the aid of reminiscent works and economic and administrative evidences obtained from e...