This paper analyses the distribution of seigniorage in an enlarged European Monetary Union (EMU) when the new EU member countries from Central and Eastern Europe adopt the euro. In principle each country of a monetary union contributes to seigniorage in proportion to the country’s demand for base money. However, the actual distribution of seigniorage by the European Central Bank is made in acco...

INTRODUCTION 'Health' is an identifiable theme within the European Union multi-annual research programmes. Public Health Innovation and Research in Europe (PHIRE), led by the European Public Health Association, sought to identify public health research strategies in EU member states. METHODS Within PHIRE, national public health associations reviewed structures for health research, held stakeh...

We offer a comparison between the age profiles of rates of formation of marital and non-marital unions among women in Russia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Italy. We show that there is considerable variability across these populations in the levels and age patterns of union entry rates, ranging (i) from high and early rates in Russia to slow and late entries in Italy; and (ii) from th...

AIMS To determine the sickness absence frequency in European Union (EU) countries. METHODS Sickness absence was measured by questionnaire using the Third European Survey on Working Conditions. Employees were considered to have sickness absence if they reported to be absent at least one day in the past 12 months because of an accident at work, work related problems, or by other health problems...

Treatment success measured by treatment outcome monitoring (TOM) is a key programmatic output of tuberculosis (TB) control programmes. We performed a systematic literature review on national-level TOM in the 30 European Union (EU)/European Economic Areas (EEA) countries to summarise methods used to collect and report data on TOM. Online reference bibliographic databases PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBAS...

Our research analyses the digital divide within the European Union 27 between the years of 2008 and 2010. To accomplish this we use multivariate statistical methods, more specifically factor and cluster analysis, to address the European digital disparities. Our results lead to an identification of two latent dimensions and five groups of countries. We conclude that a digital gap does, in fact, ...

BACKGROUND Research on return to work (RTW) is increasing. It is important to benefit from studies originating from different countries since certain factors influencing the RTW process are specific to each country. AIMS To compare RTW research in Europe with the USA and to describe research on RTW in Europe. METHODS Medline was scanned with specific search strings to identify studies conce...

"Immigration is one of the more controversial areas in the history of European integration. Whilst northern European countries have been constructing elaborate compromises in the European Union (EU) Treaties and in the Schengen group, southern European countries have been trying to construct their own immigration policies. Little attention has been paid in the literature to the relationship bet...

Cohabitors and married people who cohabited before marriage have higher risks of union dissolution than people who married without prior cohabitation. However, these differences in union stability vary markedly between countries. We hypothesize that the impact of cohabitation on union stability depends on how far cohabitation has diffused within a society. We test this hypothesis with data from...

security issues are the main concerns for players in international relations, for they put them on guard against potential relations that might cause threats. security feeling or lack of it determines the modality of cooperation and alliance among regional and trans-regional countries. the european :union: is vulnerable to threats and crises arising in the neighboring middle east. this state of...