Large-scale evacuation is called for when a natural (such as hurricane) or man-made (such as hazmat release or even dirty bomb) extreme event strikes a populated area so that the population is exposed to immediate or foreseeable life-threatening danger. Evacuating a large population is an extremely complicated and difficult task, which primarily relies on efficient utilization of intermodal tra...

Many coastal communities throughout the world are threatened by local (or near-field) tsunamis that could inundate low-lying areas in a matter of minutes after generation. Although the hazard and sustainability literature often frames vulnerability conceptually as a multidimensional issue involving exposure, sensitivity, and resilience to a hazard, assessments often focus on one element or do n...