Health care providers often face different types of problems than uncertainty--those involving wicked decision problems. Whereas uncertainty reduction requires increased information processing capabilities, wicked decision problems require both increased information processing and sensemaking capabilities. Sensemaking is about interpreting and deriving meaning from multiple, conflicting cues. C...

during the first centuries of hijra, the concept of faith and its relevant issues were among the major topics in islamic thought. one the schools on the topic were murji'ah, introduced by hasan ibn muhammad al-hanafiyyah in kufa within the second half of hijra. the murjites held that pure faith can be achieved either through heart belief or confession; there is no need of action for salvat...