A proteomics analysis was used to investigate how a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Pishgam) adapted to LT during the autumn season and then initiated reproductive growth under field conditions. Cross-comparisons of leaf proteome were performed for consecutive stages including T 1 (before the beginning of cold acclimation; zero-tolerance), T 2 (initiation of the cold acclimation; LT toler...

1. Introduction A major impediment to the production of recombinant proteins in Escheri-chia coli is their tendency to accumulate in the form of insoluble and biologically inactive aggregates known as inclusion bodies. Although it is sometimes possible to convert aggregated material into native, biologically-active protein , this is a time consuming, labor-intensive, costly, and uncertain under...

A 400-bp intronic enhancer fragment in conjunction with the proximal promoter of the aldolase B gene provided correct tissue-specific expression in transgenic mice together with hormonal regulation in the liver. We investigated in vivo and in cultured cells the contribution of the intronic regulatory sequences and their interaction with the promoter elements in controlling aldolase B gene expre...

The accurate prediction of co-evolving pairs in protein sequences plays an important role in tertiary protein structure prediction and protein engineering. Using information theory to detect coevolving pairs is impacted by the phylogenetic effect on entropy measurements. Mutual Information (MI) is used to detect co-evolving pairs in a protein family by re-sampling based on mutation events in th...

To determine whether enhancer elements in addition to the highly conserved octamer (OCTA)-nucleotide motif are important for lymphoid-specific expression of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) gene, we have investigated the effect of mutating the binding site for a putative additional lymphoid-specific transcription factor, designated NF-microB, in the murine IgH enhancer. We demonstrate that ...

Distributed learning in expert referral networks is a new Active Learning paradigm where experts—humans or automated agents—solve problems if they can or refer said problems to others with more appropriate expertise. Recent work augmented the basic learning-to-refer method with proactive skill posting, where experts may report their top skills to their colleagues, and proposed a modified algori...

We have compared the activation of transcription from the early promoter of simian virus 40 brought about by the enhancer during transient expression in several cell lines. The enhancer stimulated RNA synthesis approximately 400-, 100-, 100-, and 300-fold in human HeLa cells, the mouse plasmacytoma B cells MPC11, and the nondifferentiated and retinoic acid-differentiated mouse embryonal carcino...

Erythropoietin (Epo) production in response to hypoxia or cobalt is primarily mediated by activation of transcription of the Epo gene. Recently an hypoxia responsive enhancer was identified in the 3' flanking region of the mouse and human Epo genes. Using functional analysis in Hep 3B cells we define here the minimal enhancer element as a 29-bp segment starting at the Apa1 site in the 3' flanki...

Expression of the cdc2 gene is induced steeply at the G1-S-phase boundary. The previous analysis of promoter elements that confer inducibility revealed the enhancer at positions -276 to -265. Enhancer activity is suppressed by the upstream sequence that seems to contain the silencer. The silencer element was analyzed by fusing several oligonucleotides covering the silencer region upstream of th...