Abstract Eruption source parameters (in particular erupted volume and column height) are used by volcanologists to inform volcanic hazard assessments classify explosive eruptions. Estimations of associated with large uncertainties due various factors, including complex tephra sedimentation patterns from gravitationally spreading umbrella clouds. We modify an advection-diffusion model investigat...

a r t i c l e i n f o We present a new criterion for primary fragmentation of natural rock samples in shock-tube experiments, and new formulae for the effective strength of natural rock samples, for the size of primary fragments, and for fragmentation velocities. These formulae and the fragmentation criterion are given in terms of the physical properties of the rock and in terms of experimental...

Abstract The Havre 2012 deep-sea rhyolite eruption went unobserved and was initially recognised from a massive pumice raft at the sea surface. pumices are predominantly white or grey, however pink is common in raft. In subaerial explosive eruptions, understood to result high-temperature atmospheric iron-oxidation. presence of questions effusive model for Here we report results X-ray Absorption ...