PURPOSE Strabismus affects as many as 60% to 70% of patients with Crouzon syndrome. V-pattern strabismus is common and is thought to be secondary to severe oblique muscle dysfunction. The complex motility disorders produced by abnormal extraocular muscles in this syndrome can be difficult to manage. Few studies have reported findings regarding the extraocular muscles or how to plan and adapt th...

Extraocular muscle represents a distinctive class among mammalian skeletal musculature in exhibiting the full range of muscle fiber type variability found in vertebrate species. To better understand the basis for the unique structural/functional diversity of extraocular muscle, the ontogeny of lateral rectus muscles was studied in Macaca nemestrina fetuses of 62-156 days gestation using light a...

Introduction Diagnostic testing of the vestibular system is an essential component of treating patients with balance dysfunction. Until recently, testing methods primarily evaluated the integrity of the horizontal semicircular canal, which is only a portion of the vestibular system. Recent advances in technology have afforded clinicians the ability to assess otolith function through vestibular ...

E. lye movements may be divided grossly into "tonic" and "phasic" movements. Are both of these principal types produced by the same motor nerves and muscle fibers, or are separate systems present that are functionally suited to each of the types of movements? Morphological and physiological studies demonstrate that at least two and possibly three neuromuscular systems are present in eye muscles...

although uncommon, traumatic optic neuropathy (ton) is an important cause of visual loss. different therapeutic approaches including different dosages of steroids, surgical decompression of optic canal and observation alone have been suggested but there has been no conclusive evidence to establish a standard approach to this devastating cause of visual loss. to determine the effectiveness of in...

We report a case of choroidal melanoma with massive extraocular extensions through the sclera. A 64-year-old woman reported blurred vision in her right eye. At the first visit, visual acuity was 10/20 OD. An ophthalmological examination revealed a raised choroidal mass and exudative retinal detachment in the lower retina. A diagnosis of peripheral choroidal melanoma was confirmed by additional ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate a scaffold-enhanced, light-activated bioadhesive technique as a substitute for sutures in ophthalmic surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Suture use in ophthalmic surgery is technically demanding and time consuming and may be associated with serious complications such as inadvertent ocular penetration, which can result in retinal detachment and endophthalmitis. Bioadhesive sur...

Extraocular muscles are characterized by their faster rates of contraction and their higher resistance to fatigue relative to limb skeletal muscles. Another often reported characteristic of extraocular muscles is that they generate lower specific forces (sP(o), force per muscle cross-sectional area, kN/m(2)) than limb skeletal muscles. To investigate this perplexing issue, the isometric contrac...