Heat waves trigger substantial social and environmental impacts and even cause massive civilian casualties in extreme cases. Observations show the areas affected by heat waves have increased over China, with themost extreme heat wave occurring during the past five decades. Here we show that both trends can be attributed to anthropogenic influences. We report that under the moderate Representati...

We consider the angle θ of inclination (with respect to the horizontal) of the profile of a steady 2D inviscid symmetric periodic or solitary water wave subject to gravity. Although θ may surpass 30◦ for some irrotational waves close to the extreme wave, Amick [Ami87] proved that for any irrotational wave the angle must be less than 31.15◦. Is the situation similar for periodic or solitary wave...

Extreme climatic events like droughts, floods, heat waves and ice storms impact ecosystems as well as human societies. There is wide concern about how terrestrial ecosystems respond to extreme climatic events in the context of global warming. In this study, we used satellite-derived vegetation greenness data (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI), in situ weather station data (temperatu...

This study, which is performed in the framework of the European Project MAXWAVE, deals with both theoretical aspects of extreme waves description as well as new techniques to observe these waves using different remote sensing techniques. The final goal is to improve the understanding of the physical processes responsible for the generation of extreme waves and to identify geophysical conditions...

According to prevailing ideas, the formation of rogue waves and the onset of wave breaking share a common physical framework: energy focusing within nonlinear wave groups. For 2D (one horizontal spatial direction) wave packet evolution, this correspondence appears to be very close. However, the situation is less clear for 3D propagation, and in the open ocean, observed breaking of dominant wind...

The influence of localized water currents on the nonlinear dynamics and stability of large amplitude, statistically distributed gravity waves is investigated theoretically and numerically by means of an evolution equation for a Wigner function governing the spectrum of waves. It is shown that water waves propagating in the opposite direction of a localized current channel can be trapped in the ...

Motivated by earlier calculations showing large effects when neutrinos propagate through fluctuating media, we perform here a detailed analysis of how density fluctuations in the sun in the form of helioseismic waves can modify the MSW solution to the solar neutrino problem. We find negligible effects for the MSW spectrum, even under extreme circumstances. There are two main reasons why our con...

BACKGROUND Heat stress is a physiological response to extreme environmental heat such as heat waves. Heat stress can result in mortality in dairy cows when extreme heat is both rapidly changing and has a long duration. As a result of climate change, heat waves, which are defined as 3 days of temperatures of 32 °C or above, are an increasingly frequent extreme weather phenomenon in Southern Onta...