The antiandrogen flutamide (FLU) is used primarily for prostate cancer and is an idiosyncratic hepatotoxicant that sometimes causes severe liver problems. To investigate FLU's overt hepatic effects, especially on inducible drug clearance-related gene networks, FLU's hepatic gene expression profile was examined in female Sprague-Dawley rats using approximately 22,500 oligonucleotide microarrays....

Compared with Flu(DPP)2, the PCEs of devices based on A′–A–π–D–π–A–A′ type Flu(DPPsF)2 and Flu(DPPdF)2 increased by 51.4% 63.4%, respectively, which is due to synergistic effect extended conjugate design end-group fluorination.

There are two types of flu vaccines: the injection and the nasal spray. Injectable flu vaccines usually contain inactivated strains of types A and B flu virus and help your body to provide immunity to these two common strains of the flu. The nasal spray vaccine contains a live, but weakened version of the same strains ? but its use isn't currently recommended [2]. Any immunity from these vaccin...

Aquatic wild birds are the reservoir of more than 100 influenza viruses whose subtypes (HxNy) have never been responsible for sustained infection in humans. As a matter of fact, humans are usually not infected by avian influenza A viruses. However, sporadic cases of avian influenza virus infection are observed every year, mostly in Asia. By subsequent adaptation these emerging viruses may resul...

The influenza virus uses the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins to interact with and infect host cells. While biochemical and microscopic methods allow examination of the early steps in flu infection, the genesis of progeny virions has been more difficult to follow, mainly because of difficulties inherent in fluorescent labeling of flu proteins in a manner compatible with l...

Titer on Chip (Flu-ToC) is a new technique for quantification of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) concentration. In order to evaluate the potential of this new technique, a comparison of Flu-ToC to more conventional methods was conducted using recombinant HA produced in a baculovirus expression system as a test case. Samples from current vaccine strains were collected from four different steps in t...

There are two types of flu vaccines: the injection and the nasal spray. Injectable flu vaccines usually contain inactivated strains of types A and B flu virus and help your body to provide immunity to these two common strains of the flu. The nasal spray vaccine contains a live, but weakened version of the same strains ? but its use isn't currently recommended [2]. Any immunity from these vaccin...

There are two types of flu vaccines: the injection and the nasal spray. Injectable flu vaccines usually contain inactivated strains of types A and B flu virus and help your body to provide immunity to these two common strains of the flu. The nasal spray vaccine contains a live, but weakened version of the same strains ? but its use isn't currently recommended [2]. Any immunity from these vaccin...

Flutamide (FLU) is a competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor which has been reported to induce severe liver injury in some patients. Several experimental models suggested that an episode of inflammation during drug treatment predisposes animals to tissue injury. The molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of FLU in isolated rat hepatocytes using an in vitro oxidative stress inflammation system w...