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OBJECTIVES To characterize bla(CTX-M-15)-carrying plasmids and lineages of nine strains of Escherichia coli from cattle. METHODS Plasmid DNA was analysed using PCR-based replicon typing and plasmid sub-typing schemes, restriction fragment length polymorphism, S1 nuclease-PFGE and Southern hybridization. Strains were characterized by PFGE, multilocus sequence typing, phylogenetic grouping and ...

This paper represents a new approach in the exchange rate determination by using microstructural and macroeconomic variables. We test combination of fundamentals microstructure variables cointegrated relationship USD/JPY USD/GBP currencies' pairs. The ‘twofold' model includes interest rate, money supply net foreign assets as fundamentals, spread high-low variable. Then we compare different mode...

Previous research has primarily examined the link between price, income, and consumer spending using linear regression models. On other hand, latest evidence shows an asymmetric among economic financial variables. We contribute to literature by employing a novel technique known as ARDL model. This approach is used investigate impact of favorable unfavorable changes in income prices on household...

The behavior of exchange rate in various exchange markets is not seemingly predictable, while there are different forecasting methods to do so. One of these methods is to use fractals to identify exchange rate behavior. This paper has made attempts to explore the properties of fractals in Iran’s exchange market in order to it can predict and analyze the trend of exchange rate. Accordingly, th...

Abstract This paper focuses on emerging market government bonds issued in local currency with different maturities. Foreign investors face interest rate, currency, and credit risks. We consider the entire term structure of carry trade returns find that, while default premium does not contribute to strategies, contribution rate risk, captured by premium, is large increases maturity. introduce ri...