Abstract The procedure of tossing quantum coins and dice is described. This case an important example a because it presents typical framework employed in information processing computing. emphasis on the clarification difference between classical conditional probabilities. These probabilities are designed for characterizing different systems, either or classical, they, generally, cannot be redu...

I t was widely reported in the media that, on 23 May 2009, at the Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa in Atlantic City, Patricia DeMauro (spelled Demauro in some accounts), playing craps for only the second time, rolled the dice for four hours and 18 minutes, finally sevening out at the 154th roll. Initial estimates of the probability of a run at least this long (assuming fair dice and independent rolls...

The score function estimator is widely used for estimating gradients of stochastic objectives in Stochastic Computation Graphs (SCG), e.g., in reinforcement learning and meta-learning. While deriving the first order gradient estimators by differentiating a surrogate loss (SL) objective is computationally and conceptually simple, using the same approach for higher order gradients is more challen...

Most RPGs (role-playing games) use some sort of randomizer when resolving actions. Most often dice are used for this, but a few games use cards, rock-paperscissors or other means of randomization. There are dozens of different ways dice have been used in RPGs, and we are likely to see many more in the future. This is not an evolution from bad methods to better methods – there is no such thing a...