In MMP-elections for legislatures, political parties compete a voter’s support in two ways: first vote to the party’s candidate single-seat constituency and second list of candidates. To obtain party representation proportional votes, nationwide tally compensates with seats sub-proportional number seats. The German Bundestag has 299 seats, is legal norm, but it got 410 2017 election. This devia...

for a finite group G, we denote by p(G) the minimal degree of faithful permutation representations of G, and denote by c(G), the minimal degree of faithful representation of G by quasi-permutation matrices over the complex field C. In this paper we will assume that, G is a p-group of exponent p and class 2, where p is prime and cd(G) = {1, |G : Z(G)|^1/2}. Then we will s...

in this paper, we show that every element of a discrete module is a sum of two units if and only if its endomorphism ring has no factor ring isomorphic to $z_{2}$. we also characterize unit sum number equal to two for the endomorphism ring of quasi-discrete modules with finite exchange property.

in this paper we introduce the concept of dirac structures on (hermitian) modules and vectorbundles and deduce some of their properties. among other things we prove that there is a one to onecorrespondence between the set of all dirac structures on a (hermitian) module and the group of allautomorphisms of the module. this correspondence enables us to represent dirac structures on (hermitian)mod...

It is known that the recently discovered representations of the Artin groups of type An, the braid groups, can be constructed via BMW algebras. We introduce similar algebras of type Dn and En which also lead to the newly found faithful representations of the Artin groups of the corresponding types. We establish finite dimensionality of these algebras. Moreover, they have ideals I1 and I2 with I...

0 Introduction This is a reasonably faithful account of the ve lectures I delivered at the summer course \Geometria Algebraica no Commutativa y Espacios Cuanti-cos" for graduate students, in Spain, July 25{29, 1994. The material covered was, for the most part, an abridged version of Artin and Zhang's paper 2]. Fix a eld k. Given a Z-graded k-algebra, A say, which for simplicity is assumed to be...

Let  be a commutative ring and  be a unitary  module. We define a semi prime sub module of a module and consider various properties of it. Also we define semi-radical of a sub module of a module and give a number of its properties. We define modules which satisfy the semi-radical formula and present the existence of such a module.

Coordination and composition of components is an essential concern in component-based software engineering. In this paper, we present an operational semantics for a component composition language called Reo. Reo connectors exogenously compose and coordinate the interactions among individual components, that unawarely comprise a complex system, into a coherent collaboration. The formal semantics...

We use the author’s combinatorial theory of full heaps to categorify the action of a large class of Weyl groups on their root systems, and thus to give an elementary and uniform construction of a family of faithful permutation representations of Weyl groups. Examples include the standard representations of affine Weyl groups as permutations of Z and geometrical examples such as the realization ...