A germ layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues. All animals, except perhaps sponges, form two or three germ layers [6]. The germ layers [6] develop early in embryonic life, through the process of gastrulation [7]. During gastrulation [7], a hollow cluster of cells called a blastula [8] ...

A germ layer is a group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues. All animals, except perhaps sponges, form two or three germ layers [6]. The germ layers [6] develop early in embryonic life, through the process of gastrulation [7]. During gastrulation [7], a hollow cluster of cells called a blastula [8] ...

previous studies have shown that morphine administration could inhibit neural tube development in rat embryos and produce behavioral defects in human and animals. in the present study, the effects of maternal morphine consumption on embryonic neural plate development in wistar rats were investigated. methods: twenty-four female wistar rats (250-300 g) were crossed with males. after pregnancy, t...