introduction: effective perception of fear signals is crucial for organism survival. when threated, the organism indicates defensive behaviors. methods: elevated plus–maze has high efficiency for measurement of fear behavior and is widly used for fear behavior determination. increase in two parameters percent of openarm entries (%oae) and percent of time spent in the open-arm (%oat) in the elev...

Fear of crime is a very prevalent issue today. It challenges the safety of cities. For this reason it has gained considerable attention among the sociologists and criminologists over the last 20 years. Whilst men experiencing relatively high rates of violence, they report their fear of crime less than women. In the contrary women have a much greater fear of crime than men, but are victimized le...

UNLABELLED The nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (2N, also termed F6) does not suppress movement to noxious stimuli but does suppress learning of fear-potentiated startle. The mechanism whereby 2N suppresses this learning is unknown. Herein, we report the effect of 2N on suppression of two other forms of learning, fear conditioning to context and to tone. Because 2N does not caus...

The conditioning tasks have been widely used to model fear and anxiety and to study their association with sleep. Many reports suggest that sleep plays a vital role in the consolidation of fear memory. Studies have also demonstrated that fear-conditioning influences sleep differently in mice strains having a low or high anxiety level. It is, therefore, necessary to know, how sleep influences fe...

Background: Lumbar spine surgery (LSS) is performed to manage patients with lumbar discs. These commonly experience pain, fear, and disability after LSS surgery. Objectives: Considering the importance of its outcomes in these patients, purpose present study was compare pain intensity, fear movement, before LSS. Methods: In this descriptive analytical research, population under included all unde...

Objectives Pain assessment in people with advanced dementia relies strongly on observable pain behaviors, such as facial expressions, body movement, and vocalizations. However, the process of inferring pain in others based on such observations is not well understood. We aimed to investigate which features of facial expressions caregivers rely on when inferring the presence and intensity of pain...

Most studies investigating speeded orientation towards threat have used manual responses. By measuring orienting behaviour using eye movements a more direct and ecologically valid measure of attention can be made. Here, we used a forced-choice saccadic and manual localization task to investigate the speed of discrimination for fearful and neutral body and face images. Fearful/neutral body or fa...