This paper theoretically considers the optimal balance between the merchant fee and the cardholder fee (rewards) from both efficiency and equity perspectives. First, the paper constructs the models that can be used by the U.S. policymakers. Because theoretical results are very sensitive to the assumptions of the models, it is important to construct models that reflect the reality of the market....

Price data from comparison sites are easy to obtain from the internet, providing ample opportunities to analyze theories on price dispersion empirically. We propose a generalized analytical model that generates heterogenous mixed pricing strategies. Making seller service ratings public on comparison site leads to price di¤erence because of vertical product di¤erentiation. Furthermore, we show t...

This paper analyzes bidding fee auctions, the recent auction format that is a nonstandard relative of the war of attrition. In bidding fee auctions, the prize value diminishes as the auction progresses, and the person who pays the most does not usually win. With over 300,000 daily visitors in the U.S. alone, bidding fee auction websites are an increasingly common way to shop online.1 In my samp...

This paper examines the necessity of regulating the Iranian card payments system (SHAPARAK) based on the theory of two-sided markets. The expansion of the payment card system in recent years has arisen some questions regarding the role of all kinds of costs and expenses such as interchange fees, cardholder fees, merchant fees, and network externality in balancing the market. Since there is only...

This research examines the effects of loyalty program annual fees (no fee vs. $10 fee in Study 1, and no fee vs. $10 vs. $25 fee in Study 2) and benefit structures (self benefit, altruistic benefit, and combination self/ altruistic benefit in both Studies 1 and 2) on intentions to join a loyalty program (LP) and future spending if one is willing to join the LP. Using random assignment in a betw...

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible reno-protective effect of Ficus exasperata leaf aqueous extract (FEE) in a rat experimental paradigm of diabetes mellitus. Forty Wistar rats (weighing 200-230 g) were divided into four (A, B, C, and D) groups, each group consisting of 10 rats. Group A rats served as 'control' animals and received citrate buffer (pH 6.3) solution in quant...

student withdrawal in higher education is one the important challenges in universities. this paper considers the admission of fee paid students as a business and their withdrawals as customer churn. the aim is to investigate the attrition and predicted risk of attrition to adapt interventionist polices deterrent. this study is a descriptive an applicable technique that uses quantitative and qua...

Medicaid data for California, Georgia, Michigan, and Tennessee were used to analyze changes in fee and non-fee policies on physicians' service provision to children, before and after the enactment of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA-1989). Only Michigan raised Medicaid preventive fees relative to the private sector. Higher relative fees increased child caseloads of participat...