The origins and dispersal of epidemic diseases have been the subject of much speculation (e.g. Zinsser, 1935; Brothwell & Sandison, 1967; McNeill, 1977; McKeown, 1988; Nikiforuk, 1991). Whilst the archaeological excavation of multiple apparently contemporary burials in pits may provide at the least circumstantial evidence for the occurrence of mass death by disease, most infections leave no spe...

background: fetal electrocardiography is a developing field that provides valuable information on the fetal health during pregnancy. by early diagnosis and treatment of fetal heart problems, more survival chance is given to the infant. objective: here, we extract fetal ecg from maternal abdominal recordings and detect r-peaks in order to recognize fetal heart rate. on the next step, we find a b...

ALTHOUGH the practice of mummification seems rather macabre and grotesque to modern man it was carried out in Ancient Egypt for a specific purpose. The intention was to preserve the body from the ravages of putrefaction, to maintain the identity of the dead man and, in later periods, to create a form which would resemble the embalmed God Osiris. The oldest preserved human bodies were not, in fa...

background: infection with parvovirus b19 may cause fetal losses including spontaneous abortion, intrauterine fetal death and non-immune hydropsfetalis. the aim of this study is to determine the frequency of parvovirus b19 in formalin fixed placental tissues in lost fetuses using real-time pcr method.   methods : in this cross-sectional study, 100 formalin fixed placental tissues with unknown c...

backgrounds and aims: the protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania can be stated as the causative agents of the various clinical diseases. fetal calf serum (fcs) is the major part of the leishmania culture media, which is the most expensive ingredient in these media. the coconut water is packed with nutrients that yield an array of health benefits. materials and methods: in the present study...