The well-known approximation of the difference between the arithmetic average and geometric average returns as one-half of the variance of the underlying returns is reexamined using Jensen’s Inequality. The ”defect” in Jensen’s Indequality, is given an exlicit formula in terms of the variance following some ideas put forward by Holder. A new form of the AM-GM Inequality follows and is is applie...

While the relationship between stock market return and oil price is of great interest to researchers, previous studies do not investigate stock market return with petrochemical products market. In this paper, we analyzed the relationship between prices of main petrochemical products and stock returns of petrochemical companies in Tehran stock exchange. Using a panel data model and GLS estimatio...

Motivation: Financial markets are known to exhibit certain stylized properties that hold across a broad range of markets and institutions. Example of these properties are volatility clustering, the leptokurtic (“fat-tailed”) distribution of returns and significant long range autocorrelation of absolute returns paired with no such autocorrelation in raw returns. Theoretical models in general hav...

The objective of our paper is to analyze the possibility to provide a forecast for the sign of the financial asset returns using the empirical prices of stocks listed at the Bucharest Stock Exchange. Previous research provided by Christoffersen and Diebold (2004) among others show that even if both the sign and the absolute value of returns are deterministic, their composure (the returns themse...

because of its extensive applications in financial analysis, stock market volatility modeling is a significantly important issue for stock market practitioners and academicians. using garch models to formulate the conditional variance heteroskedasticity and the taking advantages of panel data technique such as higher degrees of freedom, more flexibility in the control of the omitted or unobserv...

We study the properties of memory of a financial time series adopting two different methods of analysis, the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and the analysis of the power spectrum (PSA). The methods are applied on three time series: one of high-frequency returns, one of shuffled returns and one of absolute values of returns. We prove that both DFA and PSA give results in line with those ob...

Generating one-month-ahead systematic (beta) risk forecasts is common place in financial management. This paper evaluates the accuracy of these beta forecasts in three return measurement settings; monthly, daily and 30 minutes. It is found that the popular Fama-MacBeth beta from 5 years of monthly returns generates the most accurate beta forecast among estimators based on monthly returns. A rea...

CAN THE NORMALITY OF THE SEMI VARIANCE BE IMPROVED? EVIDENCE FROM FINANCIAL STOCK INDEXES WITH HOURLY, DAILY, QUARTERLY AND ANNUAL DATA OF DJIA AND SP500 ELDOMIATY, Tarek Ibrahim Abstract This study examines the financial and statistical properties of the variance and semi variance (SV). Since the mean-variance approach and its extended mean-semi variance approach assume normality of returns, i...

This paper examines the optimal financial markets liberalization policy for a large country in a two-country general equilibrium production economy. In our model, household’s portfolio choice is modeled separately from firm’s investment decision and financial markets play an important role in the allocation of capital between production technologies. We find that the type of production technolo...