We consider logics on Z and N which are weaker than Presburger Arithmetic and we settle the following decision problem: given a k-ary relation on Z and N which is first order definable in Presburger Arithmetic, is it definable in these weaker logics? These logics, intuitively, are obtained in two different ways. First by introducing modulo and threshold counting predicates on the difference of ...

A coupled global climate model is used to evaluate processes that determine the equilibrium location of the sea-ice edge and its climatological annual cycle. The extent to which the wintertime ice edge departs from a symmetric ring around either pole depends primarily on coastlines, ice motion, and the melt rate at the ice-ocean interface. At any location the principal drivers of the oceanic he...

Generally, design of the parts of an automobile is restricted by space especially components assembled in the engine room. Therefore traction motor for hybrid electric vehicle is designed by interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). The IPMSM has high power density and efficiency because it generates not only magnetic torque but also reluctance torque. However, IPMSM is difficult to ...

This paper explores several patterns of consonantal weakening such as voicing and spirantization. Given that such weakening usually applies to either intervocalic or intersonorant obstruents, this paper contends that inherently redundant features such as [voice] for sonorants or [continuant] for vowels, cannot license their syllabic constituents, thus triggering consonantal weakening. In additi...

Abstract. By regulating the global transport of heat, freshwater, and carbon, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) serves as an important component climate system. During late 20th early 21st centuries, indirect observations models suggest a weakening AMOC. Direct AMOC also during century but with substantial interannual variability. Long-term has been associated increasing greenh...

Thermal pretreatments of rock, such as conventional heating and microwave irradiation, have received considerable attention recently a viable method improving the energy efficiency mining processes that involve rock fracturing. This study presents numerical analysis effects thermal shock on mechanical properties hard, granite-like rock. More specifically, aim is to numerically assess reduction ...

Climate model experiments are analyzed to elucidate if and how the changes in mean climate in response to doubling of atmospheric CO2 (2xCO2) influence ENSO. The processes involved the development, transition, and decay of simulated ENSO events are quantified through a multimodel heat budget analysis. The simulated changes in ENSO amplitude in response to 2xCO2 are directly related to changes i...