Adrenal hormones, ACTH plasma concentrations and the ultrasonographic evaluation of adrenal glands are considered complementary in clinical evaluations hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function several species. In dogs, age, size weight have a significant effect on glands. neonatal foals, measurements been demonstrated to be reliable; however, individual variables features has not inve...

An intramuscular injection of 8-16 Lf tetanus toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion protected adult horses against tetanus for at least 128 weeks. A booster dose of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution protected them for a further period of at least 3 1/2 years. Colostral immunity protected foals for at least 10 weeks. An intramuscular injection of 8 Lf toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion given to foals from ...

Rhodococcus equi is a respiratory pathogen which primarily infects foals and is endemic on farms around the world with 50% mortality and 80% morbidity in affected foals. Unless detected early and treated appropriately the disease can be fatal. Currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent this disease. For decades researchers have endeavoured to develop an effective vaccine to no avail. I...

The oral administration of crushed enteric-coated tablets of erythromycin base to foals suppressed the pulmonary inflammatory response induced by bronchoalveolar lavage. The systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base was low and variable (19.8 6 8.8%), likely as a result of degradation of a substantial portion of the administered dose to microbiologically inactive anhydroerythromycin in the ...

Antibiotic therapy for horses has always been challenging because there are many drugs that are not practical to administer to horses; they may not absorb some oral medications; and many drugs are very expensive because of the horse’s size. Horses are also prone to adverse reactions that limit the use of some drugs, for example, oral lincosamides may disrupt the intestinal bacteria and cause en...

The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Rhodococcus equi infection in equines of Jammu and Kashmir, India, and evaluate the zoonotic threat posed by this organism to equine owners and tourists. One hundred and forty-one samples (98 samples from adult animals ≥5 years old and 43 samples from foals less than 6 months old) were collected in duplicate from nasopharyngeal trac...

In 20 newborn thoroughbred foals cardiovascular examinations were made on the heart rate and detailed auscultation of the cardiovascular murmurs, which were also recorded by phonocardiography, was conducted between birth and two weeks of age. A transient bradycardia, which was slower than the near-term fetal heart rate, was noted in neonates immediately after birth. Rapid and progressive increa...

At 114 ranches in the Hidaka District of Hokkaido, a total of 1,118 Thoroughbred foals that were born from January to June 2003 were examined at different times from May to September of the same year to ascertain the occurrence of clubfoot. Clubfoot was seen in a total of 179 foals (16%) at 89 ranches (78%). Also, 124 of the 179 foals (69.3%) had clubfoot of grade II or higher, and it was found...

Although radiographic findings at the apical portion of the proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) are often observed in young Thoroughbred foals, conflicting findings, either fractures or apparent secondary ossifications centers, have been reported. Three cases (aged 2, 5, and 7 weeks) were identified in 30 necropsied foals (0-31 weeks old). Histopathologically, the subchondral trabecular woven bone was...

A severe combined immunodeficiency disorder was demonstrated in two Arabian foals which were full siblings. The defect in the B-lymphocyte system was shown by hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphopenia, and absence of germinal centers. The almost total absence of thymic tissue in one foal and the lack of thymic dependent lymphocytes in the spleens of both foals demonstrate a T-lymphocyte defect. In a r...