The 2A region of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) polyprotein is only 16 amino acids in length. During synthesis of the FMDV polyprotein a primary proteolytic processing event occurs between the 2A and 2B regions of the polyprotein. The activity responsible for this cleavage is not known but it is thought that either an unidentified virus-encoded proteinase may be responsible, or that 2A...

The trade of livestock or their products between nations requires information on the risk of introducing infectious agents such as foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV). Although transmission pathways for FMDV vary, a recent concern in the United States (USA) is that it might enter via cloned embryos. A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to determine the scenarios (with mathematical...

We cloned the full-length cDNA of O Manisa, the virus for vaccinating against foot-and-mouth disease. The antigenic properties of the virus recovered from the cDNA were similar to those of the parental virus. Pathogenesis did not appear in the pigs, dairy goats or suckling mice, but neutralizing antibodies were raised 5-6 days after the virus challenge. The utilization of O Manisa as a safe vac...

The VP1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains from 18 recent European outbreaks and of 9 strains isolated more than 20 years ago and used in part as vaccines were determined by direct cDNA sequencing. Comparison of the sequences revealed that most of the isolated outbreak viruses are closely related to the vaccine strains used. Isolates from the Italian epizootic of 1984 to 198...

The importance of carrier animals (those in whom virus persists after recovery from disease or acute infection) and their potential role in the spread of disease remain open questions within foot-and-mouth disease epidemiology. Using simple probabilistic models we attempt to quantify the effect of emergency vaccination--and especially the time of application--on the likely number of such animal...

Despite nation-wide immunization with O, A, and Asia 1 type vaccines in Republic of Korea, foot-and-mouth disease type O occurred again in July 2014 after three years and three months. This virus was a Mya-98 strain of the Southeast Asian topotype and was most similar to the identified type that circulated in East Asia in 2014. This was new virus with the deletion of 23 amino acids in 3A/3B1 re...

Intraherd transmission of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) was examined using a simulation model for a hypothetical 1,000-cow dairy, assuming clinical diagnosis was made when at least 1% (10 cows) or 5% (50 cows) had clinical signs of FMD, I index case cow, and transition state distributions for the latent, subclinically infectious, and clinically infectious periods of FMD calculated from pu...

If an infectious agent is to maintain itself within a closed population by means of an unbroken serial chain of infections, it must maintain the level of infectiousness of individuals through time, or termination of the transmission chain is inevitable. One possible cause of diminution in infectiousness along serial chains of transmission may be that individuals are unable to amplify and transm...

Mouse resistance to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was induced by intraperitoneal injections of pyran copolymer. A biphasic pattern of protection occurred with greatest resistance 4 and 48 hr after injection of this polyanion. Viremia was not detectable in pretreated mice challenge-exposed with FMDV. Incubation of virus with pyran did not alter viral infectivity in mice or tissue culture. ...

Sheep are well known to be susceptible for foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), but it is unknown whether the infection can spread and persist in a sheep population. We therefore quantified virus transmission by performing experiments with FMD virus strain O/NET/2001 in groups of lambs. We used six groups of four lambs each, in which half of each group was inoculated and the other half was cont...