This study reports the first results on telemetry of caudal differential pressure during spontaneous swimming activity in cod Gadus morhua and demonstrates that tail-beat pressure may be used as a predictor of activity and swimming costs of free-swimming cod. Tail-beat pressure was monitored using a differential pressure sensor on the caudal peduncle of cod and spontaneous swimming activity was...

The phospholipid complex of the obtained aqueous fraction (AF) was prepared with Phospholipon 90H. The size of nanophytosomes was determined by dynamic light scattering. HPTLC fingerprinting of the AF was also performed. PTZ and ICES models were used to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity while Rotarod test, Elevated Plus maze test, and Forced swimming test were used to evaluate other neuropha...

Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate antidepressant activity ethanolic extract leaves Moringa oleifera L. (EEMO) on albino mice. Methods: anti-depressant was evaluated using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension (TST). Healthy mice were individually swim inside a vertical glass cylinder. Climbing, swimming, immobility tested recorded. In TST, suspended string held by metal s...

The first total synthesis of laetispicine (1a), an amide alkaloid isolated from the stems of Piper laetispicum C.DC (Piperaceae), and the synthesis of some of its derivatives were described. Based on the evaluation of antidepressant activities in the forced swimming test, compounds 1h and 1i were identified as potent and safe antidepressant lead compounds.

Olax subscorpioidea is a shrub or tree found in Nigeria, and other parts of Africa. It is indicated in the management of inflammatory disorder, mental illness, convulsion, pain, and cancer.Based on the folkloric use in the management of mental illness, antidepressant activity of Olax subscorpioidea (6.25-50 mg/kg, i. p.) was investigated using forced swimming, tail suspension, yohimbine induced...

BACKGROUND Swimming behaviors in the forced swimming test have been reported to be depressed by stressors. Since toxic convulsion-inducing drugs related to dopamine [cocaine (COC)], benzodiazepine [methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-carboxylate (DMCM)], gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [bicuculline (BIC)], and glutamate [N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)] receptors can function as stressors, t...

The role of the 5-HT(2C) receptor in mediating active behaviors in the modified rat forced swim test was examined. Three novel selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists, WAY 161503 (0.1-3.0 mg/kg), RO 60-0175 (2-20 mg/kg), and RO 60-0332 (20 mg/kg), all decreased immobility and increased swimming, a pattern of behavior similar to that which occurs with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluo...

Early-life stress is associated with depression and metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Such associations could be due to increased glucocorticoid levels. Periodic maternal separation in the neonate and rearing in social isolation are potent stressors that increase hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Moreover, social isolation promote...