The emerging Unified Modelling Language has been touted as merging the best features of existing modelling languages, and has been adopted by leading companies and vendors as a universal software modelling language. Some researchers are also looking to UML as a basis for formal methods development. A less known approach is BON (the Business Object Notation), which is based on the principles of ...

Formal digital credit raises hopes to decrease the gender gap in financial inclusion. However, up until now, it remains unknown whether these are justified. Using nationally representative household surveys from Kenya, present study aims fill this gap. We find strong indication that formal credit, contrasting expectations, has led an increase further pervasive market is largely attributable dif...

The growth of Internet has extended the scope of software applications, leading to network-based architectures. The main characteristic of these architectures is that they restrict the communication between remote components to message passing. Service-oriented computing is a solution to organise the exchange of messages in a network-based architecture, by using services as primitive components...

Analysis and design by contract allows the definitions of a formal agreement between a class and its clients, expressing each party’s rights and obligations. Contracts written in the Object-Constraint Language (OCL) are known to be a useful technique to specify the precondition and postcondition of operations and class invariants in a UML context, making the definition of object-oriented analys...

Our research in this study revolves around the legal nature of time-sharing contract tourist real estate, as is a modern field tourism and which an agreement between two parties, professional party, owner property one resorts, another who often The contract, first party (the party) concludes several contracts with people (tourists) about specific period use divided into different periods time, ...

The good performance of a set of computer systems based on agents depends on the coherence degree and coordination between their activities. The study of coordination problem is an important topic for designers and researchers in the multi-agents systems field. There are several coordination mechanisms in the current literature, being the auction and the contract net the most popular ones. Thes...

operation contracts Reiner Hähnle, TU Darmstadt Proof reuse in formal software verification is crucial in presence of constant evolutionary changes to the verification target. Contract-based verification makes it possible to verify large programs, because each method in a program can be verified against its contract separately. A small change to some contract, however, invalidates all proofs th...

Access control has traditionally assumed a single, monolithic authorization policy, generally expressed as an access matrix. We argue that this assumption does not fit ecommerce applications, which are governed by a potentially large set of independently stated, evolving contracts. In order to support this growing class of applications we propose an enforcement mechanism which uses certified-co...

Good components need precise contracts. In the practice of Design by Contract, applications and libraries typically express, in their postconditions and class invariants, only a subset of the relevant properties. We present: – An approach to making these contract elements complete without extending the assertion language, by relying on “model classes” directly deduced from mathematical concepts...

The IST-CONTRACT project is in the process of creating an electronic contracting language. One of the goals of this language is that it has formal underpinnings, and formalizations at a number of levels have been created. One of the lowest levels, upon which the other levels are built is the normative level. At this level, we identify how contract clauses (modeled as norms) may evolve over time...