That is why the syntax of a natural language ~ not be described by the rules of the syntax of a formal language. And that is why a natural language cannot be parsed the same way as a formal language. To parse a natural language, it would be necessary to know its syntax, Thus, major difficulties in parsing a natural language are not algorithmic but linguistic. Here, I assume that natural languag...

The concept of formal islands allows adding to existing programming languages, formal features that can be compiled later on into the host language itself, therefore inducing no dependency on the formal language. We illustrate this approach with the TOM system that provides matching, normalization and strategic rewriting, and we give a formal island implementation for the simulation of a chemic...

This paper presents a method for inducing transformation rules that map natural-language sentences into a formal query or command language. The approach assumes a formal grammar for the target representation language and learns transformation rules that exploit the non-terminal symbols in this grammar. The learned transformation rules incrementally map a natural-language sentence or its syntact...

The Object Constraint Language (OCL), a part of the standard UML language, is both a constraint and a query language. As a constraint language it is used to precise the information contained in the models; as a query language it is used to analyze these models and to validate them over selected scenarios. Although designed to be a formal language, experience has shown that the language definiti...

We generalize precisiated natrual language by establishing a formal logic as a generalized precisiation language. In this formal logic, each proposition has a form that reflects a syntactic structure observed in natural language. Various syntactic structures are incorporated in the formal logic so that it precisiates not only perceptual propositions but also action-related propositions. The syn...

the present paper aims to examine the role of frequency lexicon in assessing lexical proficiency of persian learners. addressing the frequency distribution pattern of persian words, the research which is conducted in corpus-based method studies the relationship between words and lexical proficiency as well as derives the frequency lexicon from persian corpus. to do so, formal and colloquial per...

The currently available approaches for processing natural language (NL) software requirements specifications are semi-automatic and require user intervention. Moreover, these approaches result in less accurate and imprecise object oriented software models. Recent research in the area attributes the informal nature of natural languages for less accurate analysis of software requirements. On the ...

In the GALEN project, the syntactic-semantic tagger MultiTALE is upgraded to extract knowledge from natural language surgical procedure expressions. In this paper, we describe the methodology applied and show that out of a randomly selected sample of such expressions, 81% could be analysed correctly. The problems encountered are summarised and areas of further investigation identified.