Object-oriented patterns represent abstractions of good solutions to recurring problems in object-oriented software design. This abstractness means that a given pattern can be used in many diierent applications, which makes it a valuable tool for constructing reusable software and for helping object modellers achieve more eeective results. However, patterns are invariably described informally i...

Design patterns has been used very effectively in object-oriented design for a long time. Refactoring is also widely used for producing better maintainable and reusable designs and programs. In this paper, we investigate how design patterns and refactoring rules are used in a formal method by formulating and showing them as refinement laws in the calculus of refinement of component and object-o...

Embedded systems usually must achieve a higher level of robustness and reliability because they control real-world physical processes or devices upon which we depend, frequently, in a critical way. Consequently, methods for modeling and developing embedded systems and rigorously verifying behavior before committing to code are increasingly important. In order to use object-oriented development ...

Formal Methods are mathematically-based techniques for software design and engineering, which enable the unambiguous description of reasoning about a system’s behaviour. Autonomous systems use to make decisions without human control, often embedded in robotic system, safety-critical, increasingly being introduced into everyday settings. need robust development verification methods, but formal m...

Empirical studies on formal methods and tools are rare. In this paper, we provide guidelines for such studies. We mention their main ingredients then define nine different study strategies (usability testing, laboratory experiments with software human subjects, case studies, qualitative surveys, judgement systematic literature reviews, mapping studies) discuss each of them crucial characteristi...