This article presents JIG, a system for improvisation on jazz ballads. It was described previously in a Master’s Thesis [4]. JIG generates so called ’formulaic’ improvisations. It uses constraints, in combination with probability-driven randomness to generate note-attributes. In this way, numerous different improvisations can be generated on a single song. JIG has been incorporated in SaxEx, a ...

This study investigated the development of L2 Chinese formulaic competence in a study abroad context. Participants were 31 American students studying Chinese in a university in China (intermediate-level). They completed a computerized speaking test consisting of 24 formulae-use situations twice during their semester-long study abroad in China. The learners produced a formulaic expression accord...

Previous studies have suggested that formulaic and literal expressions are stored and processed according to differing characteristics, and that certain auditory–acoustic cues serve to distinguish formulaic from literal meanings. This study took these observations a step further by investigating listeners’ ability to discriminate between literal or idiomatic exemplars of ambiguous utterances an...