Introduction: The gamma index is a known parameter for radiotherapy dose verification. Many free and commercial programs have been written for the calculation of this index. However, the verification of the results has been overlooked in many of the programs. The present study tested the validity of three gamma index calculator programs. Material and ...

plexity. This conclusion is conceptually similar to our own, and it little alters the broader impacts of our published findings; still, the general relevance of the issues warrants a response. In their reanalysis, Gutierrez-Ibanez et al. [2016] perform a ‘residual analysis’, which regresses body weight on brain weight with phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to obtain size-corrected r...

Chikungunya virus recently caused large outbreaks world-wide. In this issue of Cell, Fox et al. describe several potently neutralizing antibodies against multiple alphaviruses. The structure of the virus in complex with one of the antibodies reveals the antibody-induced rearrangement and crosslinking of the viral surface proteins that result in neutralization.

Given a graph H, a graph G is called a Ramsey graph of H if there is a monochromatic copy of H in every coloring of the edges of G with two colors. Two graphs G, H are called Ramsey equivalent if they have the same set of Ramsey graphs. Fox et al. [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 109 (2014), 120–133] asked whether there are two nonisomorphic connected graphs that are Ramsey equivalent. They proved tha...

Based on a randomized clinical trial conducted by British Medical Council between 1972 and 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) and other government agencies implemented a short-course multi-drug regimen for tuberculosis – a disease caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BMC, 1972, Fox et al., 1999). The regimen is made of three antibiotics, isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazi...

Highly symmetric problems result in redundant search effort which can render apparently simple problems intractable. Whilst the potential benefits of symmetry-breaking have been explored in the broader search and constraint satisfaction community (see (Gent & Smith 2000; Ip & Dill 1996; Crawford et al. 1996) for examples) there has been relatively little interest in the exploitation of this pot...

A L T H O U G H Moule et al. (1963) have very adequately summarized data on reproductive disturbances and problems resulting from cattle and sheep grazing estrogenic pastures, relatively little research has been reported on the effects of the native estrogen, coumestrol (Bickoff et al., 1958), on the growth response and carcass quality of ruminant animals (Johnston and Anglemier, 1963; Oldfield...

Ongoing fluctuations of neuronal activity have long been considered intrinsic noise that introduces unavoidable and unwanted variability into neuronal processing, which the brain eliminates by averaging across population activity (Georgopoulos et al., 1986; Lee et al., 1988; Shadlen and Newsome, 1994; Maynard et al., 1999). It is now understood, that the seemingly random fluctuations of cortica...

E STROGENIC materials (specifically diethylstilbestrol), when either fed or implanted subcutaneously, have been clearly shown to improve weight gains and gross efficiency of feed conversion in sheep and other domestic animals (N.R.C., 1960). Similarly, considerable data attest to the presence of materials having estrogenic activity in forages (Pieterse and Andrews, 1956a, b; Bate-Smith et al., ...

Several authors have recently argued that dingoes could be used to help conserve biodiversity in Australia. Fleming et al. (2012) [Australian Mammalogy 34, 119–131] offer the alternative view that restoration of dingo predation is unlikely to help native species, and is more likely to do harm.We think many of the arguments used by Fleming et al. to reach that conclusion are either unsound or be...