In this article, a five frequency band PIFA antenna for GPS (1.57 GHz), LTE (2.6 GHz) and WiMAX (3.17GHz, 4.1GHz, 4.83GHz) applications is presented. The proposed consists of with Koch fractal slot at the first iteration that was applied to all sides square located in center radiating element. patch modification made multiband also contributed miniaturize compared initial form. results presente...

Protein surface roughness is a structural property associated with ligand-protein and protein-protein binding interfaces. In this work we apply for the first time the concept of surface roughness, expressed as the fractal dimension, to address structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which are an important group of drug targets. We calculate the exposure ratio and the fract...

The present paper analyses and documents the merits of incorporating fractal design in microstrip antenna intended to be mounted on and integrated into the design of smart vehicles. A novel design is proposed for a compact tri-band hexagonal microstrip antenna to be integrated with the body of a smart vehicle for short range communication purpose in an Intelligent Transport System (ITS). This a...

Boundary Controlled Iterated Function Systems is a new layer of control over traditional (linear) IFS, allowing creation of a wide variety of shapes. In this work, we demonstrate how subdivision schemes may be generated by means of Boundary Controlled Iterated Function Systems, as well as how we may go beyond the traditional subdivision schemes to create free-form fractal shapes. BC-IFS is a po...

The numerical analysis of highly iterated Sierpinski microstrip patch antennas by method of moments (MoM) involves many tiny subdomain basis functions, resulting in a very large number of unknowns. The Sierpinski pre-fractal can be defined by an iterated function system (IFS). As a consequence, the geometry has a multilevel structure with many equal subdomains. This property, together with a mu...

Novel and compact CPW-fed antennas are proposed comprised of a fractal patch and modified ground-plane. The ground-plane is truncated at the center and includes dielectric notches at its side to enhance the antenna's impedance bandwidth. The dimensions of the notches effectively control the upper and lower band edges of the antenna. The optimized antenna operates across 2.95-12.81 GHz for S11 ≤...

A unique dual hexagonal-shaped radiating patch design with hybrid fractal curves (Meander and Koch) is presented for quad-band wireless applications. Initially, the antenna from 0th to 2nd iteration of PGP (Partial Ground Plane) designed investigated. Further, get better results in respect Bandwidth (BW) coefficient reflection these are superimposed on limited ground plane 1st generated antenna...

We propose a multilayer unit cell consisting of Minkowski fractal-shaped reflector with aperture coupled phasing stubs to obtain broad phase range for reflectarray antenna smaller size and interelement spacing compared some other studies in the literature. In study, simulations are conducted using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) program Floquet Port incidence. A two cycles very low re...

Abstract The Pythagoras Tree Fractal patch is considered on a SiO 2 substrate thickness of 1.5 µm to radiate at four frequencies 4.975THz, 5.38THz, 6.73THz, and 7.61THz with Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ≤ 2. This very creative fractal design multiband THz antenna, based thin graphene layer, the study proved value in terms high radiation efficiency gain, level current research we made comp...

The fractal degree of adsorption on the multi-walled carbon nanotube has been investigated. The fractal-like Langmuir kinetics model has been used to obtain the fractal degree of ion adsorption on multi-walled carbon nanotube. The behavior of the fractal-like kinetics equation was compared with some famous rate equations like Langmuir, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations. It is...