The stochastic differential equations for a model of dissipative particle dynamics, with both total energy and total momentum conservation at every time-step, are presented. The algorithm satisfies detailed balance as well as the fluctuation-dissipation theorems that ensure that the proper thermodynamic equilibrium can be reached. Macroscopic equilibrium probability distributions as well as equ...

Marcus et al. (Marcus P, Ma H and Qiu S L 2002 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14 L525) claim that thermodynamic properties of materials under pressure must be computed using the Gibbs free energy G, rather than the internal energy E. Marcus et al. state that “The minima of G, but not of E, give the equilibrium structure; the second derivatives of G, but not of E, with respect to strains at the equil...

Because carbon emissions create externalities across countries and generations, climate policy requires international cooperation and intergenerational altruism. A differential game using overlapping generations with intergenerational altruism shows how altruism and cooperation interact, and provides estimates of their relative importance in determining equilibrium steady state carbon levels. A...

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are four species, namely, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae causing human malaria. The difference between P.vivax malaria and P. falciparum malaria is that a person suffering from P. vivax infection can suffer relapses of the disease. The effect of a time del...

this study proposed a new discharge estimation method using a mean velocity formula derived from chiu’s 2d velocity formula of probabilistic entropy concept and the river bed shear stress of channel. in particular, we could calculate the mean velocity, which is hardly measurable in flooding natural rivers, in consideration of several factors reflecting basic hydraulic characteristics such as r...

Rate-equilibrium free energy relationship (REFER) analysis provides information on transition-state structures and has been applied to reveal the temporal sequence in which the different regions of an ion channel protein move during a closed-open conformational transition. To date, the theory used to interpret REFER relationships has been developed only for equilibrium mechanisms. Gating of mos...

The paper characterizes the behavior of the cell transmissionmodel of a freeway, divided intoN sections or cells, each with one on-ramp and one off-ramp. The state of the dynamical system is theN-dimensional vector n of vehicle densities in theN sections. A feasible stationary demand pattern induces a unique equilibrium flow in each section. However, there is an infinite set—in fact a continuum...