This paper first presents the physiological and physical properties of the vocal fold and the laryngeal structure that support a model for the generation process of F0 contour with global components and positive local components. It then takes up Standard Chinese as an example of languages that use both positive and negative local components to express tones, and explains the mechanism involvin...

A recent evaluation of the accuracy of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) primary frequency standard NPL-CsF1 by K Szymaniec et al (2005 Metrologia 42 49–57) reported an overall frequency uncertainty of δν/ν0 = 1 × 10−15. This stated uncertainty includes a correction of a frequency bias of δν/ν0 = 8 × 10−16 ± 3 × 10−16 attributed by the authors to microwave leakage. We believe that the stat...

To overcome the limitations of the traditional dual mixer time difference methods, a digital frequency measurement method is proposed in this paper, and a novel frequency standard comparator is developed which bases on dual CPU. For 10 MHz frequency standard, the background noise of the system is better than 1E-12/1s. By virtue of the introductions of the sinusoidal beat technique, the simultan...

There has been evidence of warming rate varying largely over space and between seasons. However, little has been done to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of air temperature in the Tarim Basin, northwest China. In this study, we collected daily air temperature from 19 meteorological stations for the period of 1960-2012, and analyzed annual mean temperature (AMT), the annual minimum ...

Abstract The total red shift z might be recast as a combination of the expansion and static due to energy–momentum tensor non-conservation photon propagating through Electro-Magnetic (EM) fields. If massive, may described by de Broglie–Proca (dBP) theory which satisfies Lorentz(-Poincaré) Symmetry (LoSy) but not gauge-invariance. latter is regained in Standard-Model Extension (SME), associated ...