In the last two decades several deterministic models for predicting fire behaviour have been developed. One of the most common fire growth model is the computer program Farsite (Finney, 1998), based on the Rothermel’s original fire spread equation. Farsite describes the spatial and temporal spread and behaviour of fire under different terrain, fuels, and weather conditions. It is currently used...

Background:A critical environmental impact of the petroleum industry is the contamination of soil by oil and other related products which are highly toxic and exhibit molecular recalcitrance. Therefore, this study focused on investigating the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soil of urban fuel stations in Hamedan City, Iran. Methods:Thirteen high traffic urban fuel stations ...

The main objective of this research is to study the effects of JP-4-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends and operating parameters on the emission characteristics of a CI engine. The experimental tests were performed on a four-cylinder DI diesel engine. The Mixture-RSM method was used to develop mathematical models based on experimental data. The results showed that with the increase of the biodiesel pr...

To carry out the investigation, a cylinder pressure model was developed based on the position of the crankshaft, engine load, engine speed, and fuel injection time. This model takes into account the maximum number of parameters involved. The accuracy of the model was verified by experimental results. The average error of the cylinder pressure, the average radical of the square of the error of t...

The taxation of diesel fuel varies by use. Consumers using diesel fuel on-road must pay state and federal highway taxes while diesel fuel consumed for residential heating, industrial use, farming or off-road travel do not pay taxes. Variation in the taxation of diesel fuel creates the incentive for firms and individuals to evade on-road diesel taxes. Firms evading on-road diesel taxes purchase ...

The constantly growing number of vehicles sold and operated has resulted in greater contribution automobiles to global pollution. One way reduce emissions carbon dioxide (CO2) toxic compounds, including the particulates nitrogen oxides (NOx) contained exhaust gases, is use alternative fuels. Within this group fuels, those plant origin, mainly alcohols, are attracting more attention because thei...

We employ ratio-based, deterministic, and stochastic frontier approaches to investigate fuel efficiency among 15 large jet operators (mainline airlines) in the U.S. Given the hub-andspoke routing structure and the consequent affiliation between mainline and regional carriers, we consider not only fuel efficiency of individual mainline airlines, but also the joint efficiency of each mainline and...