Alveolar macrophages were treated with carbon blacks and adsorbates in order to evaluate the biologic effect of adsorbate, adsorbent and adsorbate-adsorbent complexes. Their capacity to phagocytize a subsequent challenge via the Fc-membrane receptor was quantified. Phagocytosis was suppressed in a dose-related manner with increasing concentrations of both carbon blacks and adsorbates. Carbon bl...

Vehicle Emission is one of the main causes of environmental damage. Vehicle engines produce carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and many other harmful substances. An investigation was conducted using a compression-ignition engine fuelled with different ratios of blends of diesel and biodiesel at different EGR rates. The effects of different ratios of fuel blends and EG...

A triple-port burner was used in this study, and a numerical simulation employed to investigate the entropy generation rate of CH4–N2O diffusion flames at R id="M2"> ratio = 1 . Here, id="M3"> ratio refers oxidizer flow velocity fuel velocity. In order scrutinize decomposition effect N2O ...

Hot fire tests were performed with a newly developed single-injector research combustor featuring large optical access (255 × 38 mm) for flame imaging. Within these the propellant combination of liquid oxygen and cold gaseous hydrogen (LOX/H2) has been used at chamber pressures up to 70 bar ratios oxidizer fuel (ROF) main injector 3.4–6. The enabled synchronized imaging using OH* blue radiation...

This article presents a novel method for tuning the reactivity of nanoenergetic materials by coating a strong oxidizer nanoparticle (potassium permanganate; approximately 150 nm) with a layer of a relatively mild oxidizer (iron oxide). The measured reactivity for a nano-Al/composite oxidizer could be varied by more than a factor of 10, as measured by the pressurization rate in a closed vessel (...

A three-dimensional-printed solid fuel grain with a star-fractal swirl port was developed to improve the regression rate of hybrid rockets. The printing material used for grains an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin. Nitrous oxide employed as oxidizer. Combustion experiments on rocket engine showed that appeared thrust and specific impulse compared classical circular ports when tested using ...

SCORES (SpaceCraft Object-oriented Rocket Engine Simulation) is an analysis tool being developed for conceptual-level spacecraft and launch vehicle design. Written in C++, SCORES provides rocket thrust and Isp for propulsion system trade studies. Common gateway interface scripts, written in Perl, provide an interface with the World Wide Web. The design parameters used in SCORES are mixture rati...

Results are reported from recent tests where hydrothermal flames spontaneously ignited in a Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) Test Cell. Hydrothermal flames are generally categorized as flames that occur when appropriate concentrations of fuel and oxidizer are present in supercritical water (SCW); i.e., water at conditions above its critical point (218 atm and 374 °C). A co-flow injector was...