Mental model theory (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991) is a dominant theory in human deductive reasoning studies. There are two other classes of theories that deal with human deduction: formal rules theories and content-specific rules theories. This paper begins with a few basic assumptions of the mental model theory, especially those according to which difficulty of inference is proportional to the...

This paper is meant to be a brief review of the paper The Liar Paradox and Fuzzy Logic. In this review, it is intended to avoid technicality of proofs. However, the basic ideas of the proofs will be underlined. Original article follows afterwards. Background and Introduction Background In order to analyze the present paper The Liar Paradox and Fuzzy Logic ([LP] for short), Peano Arithmetic (PA ...

Simple belief-revision tasks were defined by a giving subjects a conditional premise, (p—>q), a categorical premise, (p, for a modus-ponens belief-set, or ~q, for a modus tollens belief-set), and the associated inference (q or ~p, respectively). "New" information contradicted the initial inference (~ q or p, respectively). Subjects indicated their degree of belief in the conditional premise and...

Reasoners revise their beliefs in the premises when an inference they have made is contradicted. We describe the results of an experiment that shows that the belief they revise depends on the inference they have made. They revise their belief in a conditional (if A then B) when they make a modus tollens inference (from not-B to not-A) that is subsequently contradicted (A). But when they make a ...

One of the goals of a variety of approximate reasoning models is to cope with inference patterns more flexible than those of classical reasoning. Among them, similarity-based reasoning aims at modeling notions of resemblance or proximity among propositions and consequence relations which make sense in such a setting. One way of proceeding is to. equip the set of interpretations or possible worl...

Research in the field of human reasoning has shown repeatedly that people find it reasonably easy to detect inconsistencies. The question that still remains is how people revise their beliefs to undo these inconsistencies. We report two experiments in which subjects had to make belief revision choices on modus ponens (MP) and modus tollens (MT) sets of problems that contained conditionals with ...

In this paper, we present a paraconsistent description logic based on quasi-classical logic. Compared to the four-valued description logic, quasi-classical description logic satisfies all of the three basic inference rules (i.e., modus ponens, modus tollens and disjunctive syllogism) so that the inference ability of quasiclassical description logic is closer to that of classical logic. Quasicla...

In Semantic Web, the knowledge sources usually contain inconsistency because they are constantly changing and from different view points. As is well known, as based on the description logic, OWL is lack of the ability of tolerating inconsistent or incomplete data. Recently, the research in handling inconsistency in OWL becomes more and more important. In this paper, we present a paraconsistent ...

approach, is incorporated in a number of texts as the systematic formal search for a counterexample as a system of formal rules. As we would all expect, the difficulty of the search increases when disjunctions of possible models are involved, and as I and most logicians would expect, the difficulty also increases when existential quantifiers are present. These particular sets of rules were chos...

Based on the concept of DNA strand displacement and DNA strand algebra we have developed a method for logical inference which is not based on silicon based computing. Essentially, it is a paradigm shift from silicon to carbon. In this paper we have considered the inference mechanism, viz. modus ponens, to draw conclusion from any observed fact. Thus, the present approach to logical inference ba...