A high-quality encapsulation process is crucial to ensuring the performance and long-term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules. In crystalline Si technology-based modules, poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) is the most widely used PV encapsulant. Its encapsulation process is usually performed in a flat-bed vacuum bag laminator. In certain types of laminators, cooling press can be applie...

It is proved that EJ is injective if E is an injective module over a valuation ring R, for each prime ideal J 6= Z. Moreover, if E or Z is flat, then EZ is injective too. It follows that localizations of injective modules over h-local Prüfer domains are injective too. If S is a multiplicative subset of a noetherian ring R, it is well known that SE is injective for each injective R-module E. The...

in this paper, we show that every element of a discrete module is a sum of two units if and only if its endomorphism ring has no factor ring isomorphic to $z_{2}$. we also characterize unit sum number equal to two for the endomorphism ring of quasi-discrete modules with finite exchange property.

in this paper we introduce the concept of dirac structures on (hermitian) modules and vectorbundles and deduce some of their properties. among other things we prove that there is a one to onecorrespondence between the set of all dirac structures on a (hermitian) module and the group of allautomorphisms of the module. this correspondence enables us to represent dirac structures on (hermitian)mod...

Let  be a commutative ring and  be a unitary  module. We define a semi prime sub module of a module and consider various properties of it. Also we define semi-radical of a sub module of a module and give a number of its properties. We define modules which satisfy the semi-radical formula and present the existence of such a module.

This paper describes a high-efficiency, spectrum-splitting photovoltaic module that uses an off-axis volume holographic lens to focus and disperse incident solar illumination to a rectangular shaped high-bandgap indium gallium phosphide cell surrounded by strips of silicon cells. The holographic lens design allows efficient collection of both direct and diffuse illumination to maximize energy y...

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with nonzero identity. An $R$-module $M$ is called $\phi$-P-flat if $x \in \Ann(s)M$ for every non-nilpotent element $s R$ and $x\in M$ such that $sx=0$. In this paper, we introduce study the class of $\phi$-PF-rings, i.e., rings in which all ideals are $\phi$-P-flat. Among other results, transfer $\phi$-PF-ring to amalgamation investigated. Several examples deline...

Let $R$ be a ring, $S$ multiplicative subset of $R$. An $R$-module $M$ is said to $u$-$S$-flat ($u$- always abbreviates uniformly) if $\Tor^R_1 (M, N)$ $u$-$S$-torsion for all $R$-modules $N$. In this paper, we introduce and study the concept $S$-cotorsion module which in some way generalization notion cotorsion module. $\Ext^1_R(F,M)=0$ any $F$. This new class modules will used characterize $u...

Most learning systems applied to problem solving have the goal of learning knowledge for solving problems more eeciently. However, very few systems have focused on the acquisition of planning operator descriptions. In this paper, we present a system that learns operator deenitions from the interaction with a completely unknown environment. In order to achieve better learning convergence, severa...