A trusted quantum relay is introduced to enable quantum key distribution links to form the basic legs in a quantum key distribution network. The idea is based on the well-known intercept/resend eavesdropping. The same scheme can be used to make quantum key distribution between several parties. No entanglement is required.

Multi-energy microgrids could result in more flexibility and increase reliability by interconnecting networks. Electricity gas networks exhibit very different dynamic behaviours response to a fault or failure. Gas have built-in energy storages that can continue provide reliable supply if inputs the system are compromised. This study presents novel assessment method applied multi-energy microgri...

the ability of artificial neural network (ann) for estimating the natural gas demand load for the next day and month of the populated cities has shown to be a real  concern. as the most applicable network, the ann with multi-layer back propagation perceptrons is used to approximate functions. throughout the current work, the daily effective temperature is determined, and then the weather data w...

Self-healing group key distribution is a primitive aimed to achieve robust key distribution in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) over lossy communication channels. However, all the existing self-healing group key distribution schemes in the literature are designed for homogenous WSNs that do not scale. In contract, heterogeneous WSNs have better scalability and performance. We are thus motivated ...

Despite the unconditionally secure theory of the Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), several attacks have been successfully implemented against commercial QKD systems. Those systems have exhibited some flaws, as the secret key rate of corresponding protocols remains unaltered, while the eavesdropper obtains the entire secret key. We propose the negative acknowledgment state quantum key distribution...

The peculiarity of the gas distribution system is need to ensure continuous opera-tion its elements. Possible situations associated with damage main equipment at gas-distributing plant and their impact on operating mode networks are analyzed. hy-draulic calculation made in such a way that failure any piece con-trol point ensures maintenance nominal pressure most distant subscriber.

We study spatial networks that are designed to distribute or collect a commodity, such as gas pipelines or train tracks. We focus on the cost of a network, as represented by the total length of all its edges, and its efficiency in terms of the directness of routes from point to point. Using data for several real-world examples, we find that distribution networks appear remarkably close to optim...

Smart grid enhances optimization in generation, distribution and consumption of the electricity by integrating information and communication technologies into the grid. Today, utilities are moving towards smart grid applications, most common one being deployment of smart meters in advanced metering infrastructure, and the first technical challenge they face is the huge volume of data generated ...

An Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is proposed for optimal tree-structured natural gas distribution network. Design of pipelines, facilities, and equipment systems are necessary tasks to configure an optimal natural gas network. A mixed integer programming model is formulated to minimize the total cost in the network. The aim is to optimize pipe diameter sizes so that the location-alloc...

Background: Providing safe drinking water has critical importance to human societies. The aim of this study was to investigate microbiological quality of drinking water in distribution system of urban and rural regions of Ijroud, in Zanjan province.   Materials and Methods: In present descriptive study, the microbiological examination of drinking water was conducted in 15 facilities with...